Educating Rita :: English Literature

Educating Rita Question How does the play write show the audience the differences between the two characters by the way that they behave according to the stage directions and the way that they use language? What comments is he making by showing us these two very different characters. I will be writing about two scenes from a play called Educating Rita. The play is about two completely different characters from two completely different backgrounds, brought together by education. The two characters are Frank and Rita; Frank is a middle class university professor, who has been very well educated and has a partner called Julia. Rita is a married working class woman who has had little education little education throughout her life, so wanting two change this, by taking an open University course in English literature. Written by Willy Russell. The playwright shows the audience the differences between Frank and Rita even at the start of scene six by showing how professional, neat and tidy frank is, he writes, â€Å"Frank enters carrying a brief case and a pile of essays. He goes to the filing cabinet, takes his lecture notes from his brief case and puts them in his drawer. This also shows Franks life is run according to a timetable in the way everything is done calmly and in time. Like a very well established daily routine and that nothing out of the ordinary ever happens. The playwright shows that due to his education he can relax and enjoy him self calmly by reading and doesn’t need television to entertain him. â€Å"He picks up the packet of sandwiches, takes a bite and picks up a book and starts reading. And this seems to reflect the way he lives his life in general. Franks moment of relaxation is quickly shattered when Rita bursts through the door in a state of intense excitement, after visiting a profession theatre the night before for the first time. This shows Rita like a child because she is so excited about what she saw she cant contain her self and has to express her ideas and feelings. And because of her little education she finds it hard to say her ideas: â€Å"wasn’t his wife a cow, eh?† Frank is shocked at Rita’s dramatic entry because it doesn’t fit into his timetable like day. When Rita explains that she went to the theatre and then Frank sighs this shows he doesn’t think its anything big because he probably goes a lot of the time and also shows his greater experience of culture compared to Rita. Then he smiles and this is when he realises that this is a

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

The book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee contain a very engaging family who are the Cunninghams. The Cunninghams are very poor; they are people who live in the woods. They are a family who depend highly on crops. Walter Cunningham, the 'father' of the family has to work hard on the cultivation of crops because crops is the only form of wages for them. The Cunninghams have no money. Their only way to survive is through paying others with their crops. The Cunninghams are not main characters in the book, but they are characters who 'brought out' other characters' personality. Harper Lee displays that there is a lot of prejudice going on in Maycomb by putting the Cunninghams in the book. "The Cunninghams [were] country folks, farmers"(21) who are very honest people in Maycomb, they "never took anything they [could not] pay back"(23), but they are unfairly mistreated by part of the society in Maycomb. The Cunninghams are very poor people, but very honest as well. The Cunninghams have no money at all, as Scout was describing them, "[they] have probably never seen three quarters together at the same time in [their] life"(23). It is certain that the Cunninghams live a poor life, but that does not stop them from being honest. The Cunninghams do not take anything from anyone if they do not have a way to repay them. In the class when Ms.Caroline was giving Walter a coin, Walter did not take it because he knew that it was impossible to reimburse her. I judged that it is really mature for a child to act that way. I also admired how the Cunninghams were able to endure by giving crops to people as a form of payment. When Atticus helps Sr.Walter with his entailment, Walter does not pay him back with money, but with crops. The Cunninghams are mistreated by part of the society in Maycomb. Aunt Alexandra, who mistreats them the most, is prejudiced toward the Cunninghams, she does not like them. She thinks that her reputation, and social status are going to be stained if Scout plays with Walter Jr.. Scout wants to invite Walter over, but Aunt Alexandra does not like Walter, she says that they are folks from different class. She thinks it is best if they do not see each other. She once talks to Scout about how different they are, "Because - he - is - trash, that's why you can't play with him.

Free College Admissions Essays: An opinion I have had to defend :: College Admissions Essays

Tell us about an opinion you have had to defend Tell us about an opinion you have had to defend. How has this affected your belief system? I chuckle to myself every time I think about this. I am perceived as a mild-mannered, intelligent individual until I mention that I am involved in riflery. It is interesting to watch someone's expression change. It is as if I instantaneously grew a pair of horns and a sharp set of claws. Believe me this gets worse; I am a member of the NRA. I try to tell these folks that I belong to the NRA to fire my rifle. "Oh my God! You fire real guns? with real bullets?!?" they remark with a perplexed look on their face. Besides having horns and claws, I now possess a tail and leathery wings. This is how it began five years ago. I had played on a soccer team for several years. As I grew older I began having difficulty playing soccer because of shortness of breath. I was diagnosed as having mild asthma which ended my soccer career and eliminated my participation in most physical sports. Shortly afterward, during a Boy Scout summer camp, I participated in riflery at their shooting range. This was the first time I had ever touched a firearm. To my amazement, I won the camp's first place award for marksmanship. I was more than eager when a friend of mine asked me if I would like to join a shooting club. My parents were wary when I asked to join the rifle club. My mother feared guns, but my father felt there was no problem with trying this sport. Gratefully, he gave me the opportunity to try rifle marksmanship, despite secretly hoping that I would quit. Both of my parents were afraid of what people would think about their son's involvement with guns. Like my parents a majority of people believe that all firearms are dangerous to our society. All they remember are the hysterical news releases of street violence and injured children. I am often asked how many deer I've shot. Frankly, I could never bring myself to injure another living creature and neither would most of the competitors I have met. Yet, I keep finding myself defending the sport from all of the misconceptions that surround it.

Literacy Essay Essay

For as long as I can remember literature has always played an important role in my life. As a young child, I can remember how excited I’d be at story time each night before bed. My interest in literature carried on throughout my school years†¦ from kindergarten†¦ when I was placed in the red bird group, which was the group of strongest readers†¦. to high school†¦when I had the benefit of being taught by one of the best English teachers ever, Ms. Irena King. Now as an adult and professional, I am very appreciative of the literary foundation that was laid for me by my family and my teachers. I understand how important literacy is in everyday life. First, as a young child, literacy played a very important role in my life even before I could read. I was always fond of books of all kinds. Coloring books, magazines, and picture books†¦I loved them all. I remember each trip to the grocery store; I would always get a new â€Å"Little Golden Book†. I absolutely had to have the entire collection and would want them read to me each night before bed. My favorite of this collection was â€Å"The Gingerbread Man†. I would sit for hours and look at the pictures. My mother would often encourage me to keep an interest in books. She always kept a subscription of â€Å"Highlights Magazine† for me and I would watch the mail each day in hopes that a new issue had arrived. As I grew older, my love for books did not change, but the type of books I wanted did. I had the largest collection of â€Å"Sweet Valley High† books and was a faithful subscriber to â€Å"Fresh Magazine†. I think that these are some of my fondest memories from my childhood, and I am so appreciative of my family’s support of my passion for reading. Next, my interest for literature carried on from my early years to my school years. This was very evident when I started kindergarten. I vividly remember there were different groups within our kindergarten class.

How to Develop Self Confidence

How to Develop Self Confidence By andre7514, eHow Member boosting self confidence. User-Submitted Article Do you wanna develop more confidence? Do you wanna be comfortable with life and people? Read this article for great tips on how to be confident and become a pro at confidence. Difficulty: Moderately Easy Instructions Things You'll Need: †¢New Clothes †¢Haircut †¢Smile 1. 1 increasing self confidence everyday! Being able to become self confident can take you many places. Learn to fake a smile every time you are around people, even if you don't feel you need to. This will show people that you interested and a friendly person. . 2 wearing clothes. Keep yourself looking good, whether its making your hair look good, buying a new outfit, getting new shoes, or etc. 3. 3 build self confidence. Always, look straight ahead and do not look down, don't look around feeling self conscious of what everyone thinks. Think positive thoughts about yourself. 4. 4 confidence and self e steem. Pretend that you know the people that you meet. You can fake it until you make it! Give the impression that you are very social and love to meet people. Give the impression to people that you are a great person to be around, wherever you go.Get out there and show people how great and confident you are! www. lumosity. com Ads by Google Tips ; Warnings †¢Learn to fake a smile daily. †¢Always keep your image beautiful and updated. †¢Always look straight and think positive thoughts. Read more: How to Develop Self Confidence | eHow. com http://www. ehow. com/how_2254894_develop-self-confidence. html#ixzz16t1v2O14 How to Increase Self Confidence By cobrakai, eHow Member User-Submitted Article Self confidence is vital to be successful in a relationship, the workplace and really life in general.There's no exact way to measure self confidence, but there are proven ways to increase self confidence. Difficulty: Moderately Easy Instructions 1. 1 Change or remove the negati ve components that surround your life. Don't let others bog down your life and keep you from reaching the success you have in front of you. Recon negative environmental factors in your life that influence how you feel about yourself. Sometimes this will mean shedding bad friends from your life or even making a whole new change in your social circle. 2. 2 My next step or tool for you to become confident is to change â€Å"what you can. Looks are not as important to mature adults as many think, but what we do with our looks does matter. You may never have the celebrity looks, but you can make the best with what you were given. Go to the gym, or run, or do yoga. Anything that will make you feel better about yourself and your body. Don't complain that you have no boyfriend/girlfriend yet you're overweight or spend no time taking care of yourself. Don't do it for anyone else, do it for yourself. Self confidence will only go up if you can look in the mirror and know you're giving it your all. 3. 3 Quit procrastinating in your life.Well what does procrastination have to do with someone being becoming confident you might ask? You can't build a high state of confidence if you're stressed out because you waited to the last minute to do a college essay or pay the electric bill. There's so many examples I could point out, but the less you leave till the last minute, the more you have time for the fun stuff in life. Stress is a confidence killer. 4. 4 Buy something that makes you feel hot about yourself. You know that feeling you get when you have on a nice shirt, some nice jeans or ladies a really nice outfit that just makes you feel sexy about yourself?You wear that outfit to work, or school or with that special someone, you just feel and do better that day. That is easy self confidence. There's no need to go change your wardrobe and only buy really expensive clothes, but everyone should have one outfit that they can put on to give themselves a little extra pep in their step. 5. 5 Remember that you like yourself and you're always looking for ways to improve yourself. When I stumbled upon self compliments, I turned a new page in my quest to become a more confident person. Every day tell yourself that you like yourself or that you are a great person 10 times.EVERY DAY. It'll become habit after awhile and it'll become cemented in your sub-conscious and your self confidence will multiply by leaps and bounds. You have to like yourself first and foremost before you can care how anyone else feels about you. Just simply look at the amount of celebrities who have all the fame and money, but yet run their lives into the ground with drugs or alcohol because they dislike themselves. 6. 6 Forgive yourself and others. I had to let go of a lot of bad feelings I had about what I'd done/not done in my past and how others treated me in my past.You can't change the past and it'll only keep your progress limited if you keep harboring bad feelings. Forgive yourself an d others. Let yourself find peace and you'll make room for more self confidence in your life. Develop Confidencewww. instant-confidence. com 4 scientifically proven techniques to give you confidence and power How to Do Meditation? www. SilvaLifeSystem. com Easily Learn How to Meditate Download Free Meditation Audio Brain Testâ„ ¢www. lumosity. com Developed by Neuroscientists Improve Memory and Attention Communication Skillswww. 8ack. com Director & Executive Level – Presentation Skill Training – Dubai Ads by Google

Cafs Summary on Parenting and Caring

Parenting- the process of raising and nurturing children in a family Caring- the process of looking after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness or disability Biological parents- the parent who has provided the genetic material, either sperm or an ovum, to create a foetus Pregnancy Planned- involves a strategic choice on when to parent. There are physical, emotional and economic impacts that result from this decision Unplanned- may result from poor knowledge about contraception, the fertility cycle or failure with contraception such as a condom tearing IVF and GIFT In-vitro fertilisation †¢Occurs outside the body †¢Drug treatment is used to stimulate the maturation and number of ova †¢Egg follicles are monitored through ultrasound †¢Eggs are collected under general anaesthetic †¢Fresh sperm sample is obtained †¢Egg and sperm is prepared and cultured, combined and then fertilisation takes place †¢Following microscopic examination, viable embryos are transferred back into the uterus †¢Once implanted, pregnancy has occurred †¢Spare eggs are frozen for the future †¢Success depends on age, viability of sperm and level of expertise Gamete intra-fallopian transfer Occurs inside female body †¢Drug treatment is used to stimulate the maturation and number of ova †¢Egg follicles are monitored via ultrasound †¢Eggs are collected under local anaesthetic †¢Eggs are combined with fresh sperm sample †¢They are returned to the fallopian tubes where fertilisation may occur †¢Once fer tilisation occurs, embryo implants in uterus and pregnancy is monitored †¢Fertilisation occurs inside the body †¢Much more successful Social parents- individuals with a parenting responsibility towards a child whom they do not share a genetic relationship with. Social implications are the positive and negative effects on an individual or group that occurs as a result of an action or choice made either by the individual, themself or by another person or group Legal implications are the positive and negative legal consequences or commitments that occurs as a result of an action or choice made b an individual or group FASS Fostering- an alternative living arrangement for children whose parents are temporarily unable to care for them in their family home Legal implications Children and young persons (care and protection Act) 1998 (NSW) †¢Any person fostering children who is not related to them msut have a license to foster issued by the Department of Family and Community Services †¢Foster carers must consult with the DCS about various parenting issues such as type of school the child will attend and faith practices †¢The foster cannot make medical decisions †¢The foster parents may be compensated for deliberate damage to chi ld Social implications Carers must encourage contact with the young person’s birth family and accept that he or she will probably return to their birth family †¢carers and their family may have mixed feelings about this especially if the young person has become part of their family †¢when allocating foster placements, families are sometimes split up as all children cannot be accommodated and stay together †¢foster children may been to have multiple placement changes such as schools and new siblings influencing their satisfaction of emotional, social and intellectual needs †¢30% of foster children have been abused by biological family, affecting how they meet new people as they feel angry and abandoned †¢problems between biological family and foster child may result in a restraining order by fostering family Adoption- the process by which the legal responsibility of parenting a child is given to a family mother than the than the biological family Legal implications Regulated by the legislation, including Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) and Family Law Act 1975 (cth) †¢All legal rights and responsibilities are transferred to the adoptive parents †¢Change in parenting is permanent; birth parents lose all rights to the child. However they may maintain the right of information and contact, if permitted by the Family Court †¢If the child is older than 12 they must consent the adoption. If the person is from an ATSI background, they must receive counselling about their customs and culture †¢Step parents must be married or in a de-facto relationship or a child whose lived with them for 2 years †¢Needs to be assurance from governing bodies such as DOCS that all aspects of the wellbeing of the child can be met Social implications Societies changing attitudes have resulted in fewer adoptions, the use of the contraceptive pill and development of birth technologies †¢Family relationships change, which can be significant as the child ages †¢The decision to tell a child they are adopted may be distressing †¢May cause different emotions for adopted child as they have the right to know their origins †¢The child must overcome feelings of being rejected by birth parents. May impact on sense of identity and self esteem †¢No knowledge of child’s medical history which can cause problems in diagnosing illness or most appropriate medical treatment †¢Family and community acceptance, example if the child looks different to parents the adoptive relationship is apparent †¢Child should have the opportunity to maintain cultural heritage †¢Acceptance of adoptive child if parents have biological children Step-parenting- when a man or woman marries or forms a de-facto relationship with a partner who has a child or children from a previous relationship Legal implications A step parent has no legal responsibilities towards the child †¢A step parent who has acted as a parent to a child for a long time, and is now being divorced from the biological parents, may have visitation rights if a judge decides its in the Childs best interest †¢In the event of the death of a step-parent the rights of the step child are different from those of a biological child in regard to inheritance, child support and making decisions †¢If a child is adopted by step-parents, rights to inheritance from biological parent are lost Social implications †¢Community perception holds that an intact original nuclear family is superior as blended or step may be seen as deficient †¢There is often a ower struggle between the child/ren and step parent, which may lead to issues for their relationship and the family †¢Conflict can occur between the children and step parent and between step children from both partners. Primary relationships and responsibilities can become blurred †¢Old family traditions may be changes. This can be difficult for all †¢Partne rs may have different visions of family life and parenting styles that need to be reviewed, discussed and adjusted †¢Poor relationships with step parents are recognised as a significant factor in causing young people to leave home and decrease in academic performance and self esteem and depression Surrogacy- an arrangement made between a couple who cannot have a baby and a woman who gets pregnant on the couple’s behalf. The child is handed to the couple after delivery Legal implications †¢It is legally a grey area as it is neither prohibited nor encouraged †¢Very specific criteria needs to be established for both parties based on an honour agreement that is not legally binding †¢Payment cannot be made †¢Adoption process needs to be successfully undertaken †¢Egg and sperm must be from commissioning couple †¢Commercial couple must be able to prove medical reasons as to why they can’t biologically conceive and that they’ve been trying to conceive for 3 years with unprotected intercourse, and still cant conceive Social implications The surrogate mother may have an ongoing attachment to the baby after birth †¢Emotional pain may be experienced by the surrogate mother and her family by giving up the child †¢If the surrogate mother goes back on the agreement, there may be disappointment and animosity between parties †¢Community acceptance may be mixed as surrogacy isn’t a widely accepted practice †¢Surrogacy is very costly and may affect the social parents economic status †¢Surrogacy is a long, exhaustive process †¢Social parents may change their mind, leaving the baby with the surrogate mother whom may not have adequate resources or family support †¢The woman’s body is not an object, it’s a form of prostitution †¢It’s unethical and unmoral Carer relationships Carers are people who look after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness and/or disability. Carers may be paid or unpaid. Many circumstances may lead to a person requiring care. Some circumstances are planned and may have been anticipated. Example: a planned pregnancy, adoption or fostering, grand parenting, looking after an ageing parent. Unplanned circumstances are unexpected and thus afford a few preparations in the short term such as: a unplanned pregnancy, grand parenting, a health problem such as operation failures, heart attack, stroke, diabetes, AIDS, multiple sclerosis or cancer, an accident, birth abnormalities and unexpected age deterioration. Some of the implications of caring will relate to management of: was there time to prepare or not? What is the expected financial expenditure>> how will it impact on the satisfaction of needs and overall wellbeing? What will be, and who will take on, the roles and responsibilities associated with caring? Voluntary They are unpaid. They are usually family members such as parents, partners, brothers, sisters, friends or children. They provide care and support to children or adults who have disability, mental health problems, chronic condition or a temporary illness. Some are eligible for government benefits, while others are employed in their usual job and undertake caring responsibilities after work and on weekends. The burden of caring can affect the satisfaction on physical, intellectual, social and emotional needs. Paid They take on the role of caring as a form of employment and therefore receive financial payment. Type of paid carerDescription Family day careProvides home-based care up to five children in a family setting Nanny Provides home-based care to children in their family home Doctor Provides medical advice, treatment and assistance to those in care Foster carerIs licensed to provide care in their own family home Teacher Has a duty of care and primarily encourages learning skills, knowledge and behaviours; plays a valuable tole in socialisation Nurse Provides medical assistance in community centres, homes, hospitals and nursing homes Palliative carerProvides assistance to people who are terminally ill, as well as support to family members

Journal summary Essay

Organizational Assessment : Effectiveness vs. Efficiency This journal is being chosen related to the Organizational Theory, Design and Change for chapter 1 about the Organization Effectiveness. i. What was the aim of the study? An organization had its own goals and mission. There were many ways that could be implement in order to make sure that the organization will achieves whether it short or long term goal. The term effectiveness and efficiency was always being the indicator of the organization performance. This study will determine the differentiation, features, proximities or values of the effectiveness and efficiency. There were some people believe that there is no difference between effectiveness and efficiency, but according to Mouzas (2006), each of these terms have their own distinct meanings. ii. Model that being used in this study. As stated in the chapter 1, under â€Å"How Does an Organization Create Value? † there is value creation. Value creation takes places at three stages which are input, conversion and output. To differentiate the meaning of effectiveness and efficiency, the authors of this study has adapted a model from Frey and Widmer (2009) regarding effectiveness and efficiency. Figure 1 Chain of effects Based on Figure 1, we can see that efficiency information provides different data compared to effectiveness. As we can see, under the effectiveness it concern about output, outcome and impact. It measures the on how the organization will achieve their goals or the way outputs interact with the economic and social environment. For the efficiency aspect we can see it concern about the input and output. According to (Low, 2000), the efficiency will measure on how successfully the inputs have been transformed into outputs. iii. What is the result of the study? This study was using the obstructive measure approach where the authors had collected finding from other resources. In order to come out with conclusion, they had gathered many findings related to the effectiveness and efficiency. They highlighted few points such as the meaning, differences, characteristics, and how it will be dependence toward each other. According to the study by Pinprayong and Seingthai (2012), they suggest that return on assets (ROA) is suitable measure of overall company performance, since it reveals how profitable organizations assets are in making revenues. Total assets turnover will measure the ability of a company to use it assets to efficiency generate sales; therefore it can be treated as effectiveness. As conclusion, they had come out with formula of: Organizational performance = effectiveness x efficiency; iv. Limitations In some cases effectiveness concept is being used to reflect overall performance of the organization, since it is a broader concept compared to the efficiency. It gets challenging to explore the efficiency factor if it is included under effectiveness assessment v. Conclusion The characteristics of effectiveness and efficiency Figure 1. 1 shows that the organizations cannot survive without effectiveness policy. Even though the organization is an inefficient but effective, organization still have a chances to survive. Usually, organization that in high effectiveness and high efficiency are well known as high performance entities. Effectiveness is a much broader perspectives, which touch about quality, value, satisfactions, output and environments. Efficiency is on how well the input was transformed into output. Effectiveness and efficiency, they influence each other. In order to achieve all the organizations goals and had an excellence in competitive performance, organizations should find way on increasing the efficiency and effectives evenly. 2. Impact of Employee Adaptability to Change Towards Organizational Competitive Advantage This journal is being chosen related to the Organizational Theory, Design and Change for chapter 4 about the Basic Challenges of Organizational Design i. What was the aim of the study? A change in the most understandable way is the moving process from one point to another. It’s not a must to do things for an organization, but in order to make sure the organization in can compete and achieve the better performance, changes should be made. Although changing is the good things to do, but it have own limitations and it cannot easily made, so that why this study had being conducted. The purpose of this study is to know how the competitive advantages have the significant effect on training and development, empowerment and maintaining in the organization. It is stated in this study, that their aim is to identify and to discuss the reasons why employees didn’t easily adapt the changes than those eager to adapt the change in any case. ii. Model that being used in this study. There were three variables that being used for this study which are training and development, empowerment and culture. These variables will tested in order to know the relationship of the variables towards the employee adaptability to change which is a moderator and competitive advantage being a dependent variable. iii. What is the result of the study? Before come out with a conclusion, data must be collected and analyze. For this study they had distributed 80 questionnaires towards employees within service sector organizations and others. On the basis of the data conducted from the person engage in the executive, supervisors and staff position. Table 2. 1 Descriptive Analysis The findings were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Based on the result gathered by questionnaires, the authors will use the correlation of the statistical interference in order to identify the hypothesis had being developed this study and relationship between the discussed variables. Above we can conclude that training & development is good for the employee to adapt the change and organizations leads it competitive advantage. For the empowerment, they score greater mean that training & development which is good to the employee. Lastly, from the table its show that good culture has influence on the organizational competitive advantage. iv. Conclusion In order to make an organization competence, they should a changing process toward the better environments. But, changes are not easily made. They will be some people that against on the changing process. That is why, the adaptability is important. As being stated in this study, employee adaptability is more dependent on the parallel activities that preceded along with the others activities in the organization and these activities helps the employee to perform more enthusiastically and impatient to demeanor any challenge or adapt any change whatever it will be. 3. Organizational Culture and Its Themes This journal is being chosen related to the Organizational Theory, Design and Change for chapter 7 about Creating and Managing Organizational Culture. i. What was the aim of the study? Organizational culture is a about sharing value and norms that will help on controlling organizational members interactions within each other and with people outside the organization. As written in this journal, culture within an organization acts as a critical role in the organizations everyday operations. In order to validate this statement, a study about an organizational culture had being conducted. The purpose of this study is to know in deeper what is an organizational culture, models related, themes and the importance toward an organization. ii. Model that being used in this study. As being stated earlier, organization culture can be described as a set of theory consist of values, beliefs, and understanding that members share in common. It also helps in the ways of thinking that could help while making decision. From the perspective of Andrew Brown (1995, 1998), the organization culture: â€Å"Refers to the patters of beliefs, values and learned ways of coping with experience that have developed during the course of an organization’s history, and which tend to manifested in its material arrangements and in the behaviors of its members†. One of those models that being adapted in this study is the Onion Diagrams, by Hofstede. He was dividing culture into four layers which consist of symbols, heroes, ritual and values. Figure 3. 1 Onion Diagram Based on the Figure 3. 1 above, the core level in the culture level is value; values are intimately connected with moral and ethical codes which determine what people ought to be done. The second level is rituals, which is describing the collective activities that considered essential. The next level is heroes. According to Deal and Kennedy (1982), hero is a great motivator; heroes are also persons who possess characteristic which are highly prized. Symbols are the most overt element of culture and are the gestures, objects, words or acts that signify something different or wider from the others, and which have meaning for individual or group. iii. The importance of this study In order to have a rapid organization development, organization culture can be used as a tool to help the organization reach success. It also can be a management tool, which managers can use some values to control and direct employee behavior. In addition, the importance of the organization culture toward the development of an organization seconded with statement from Campbell and Stonehouse (1999) said: â€Å"Culture can also have influence on; employee motivation; employee morale and ‘good will’; productivity and efficiency; the quality of work; innovation and creativity and the attitude of employees in the workplace†. iv. Conclusion As stated in this study, they highlighted that in order to achieve a successful culture, managers shouldn’t ignore organizational culture and its themes, because culture can be used as a competitive advantage during organizational development, and a strong culture (one in which beliefs and values are widely shared and strongly held) can also offer many advantages, such as cooperation, control, communication or commitment. 4. Re conceptualizing Organizational Role Theory for Contemporary Organizational Contexts i. Aim and introduction of the study. The purpose of this study is to know deeper regarding the organizational role theory and to identify what are the issues related to the organizational theory that will limit it usage. In this study, they were several issue that being listed out regarding organizational theory. Based on Katz and Kahn (1966) state that the assignment of work-roles prescribes the behavior of employees are expected to comply, so that they are able to perform their speci? ed tasks and duties effectively. He also mentions that organizational role theory (ORT) is help to de? ne a â€Å"role-set† for the individual, employee and determine the speci? c role-behaviors the employee. Beside that according to According to Biddle (1986), George (1993), and Smithson and Stokoe (2005), the diminishing usefulness of classical ORT can be traced to three part. There are the limitations in its role-taking, role-consensus and role-con? ict assumptions. The theoretical issues discussed indicate about the development of ORT has failed to keep the change in the organizational context. Data Collections This research consists of two-stage qualitative data gathering process. The ? rst stage included the questionnaire-survey to a sample of employees and the second stage data collection process to collect the data required to answer the second research question. The uses of semi-structured interview allowed the researcher to strengthen the investigation. The respondent reported that charity, education, social are the important impact on their working life. iii. Result Summary To simplify the results for this study it can be divided into two summaries: Research Summary 1 Although the research findings supported the relevance of the â€Å"work-family/work-life balance† literature to ORT, there was evidence that at least four other categories of non-work roles needed to be considered for the effective management of human resources. In terms of work-roles, academics and practitioners must remain aware of the work-roles currently recognized by classical ORT. In terms of work-family roles, they need to recognize the specific impacts of the work-family interface, and become aware of the limitations of â€Å"family-friendly† practices that serve only to enable workers to spend more time at work Research Summary 2 There were two things that will be highlighted in these summaries. First, the recognition that employees (both actual and potential) are multi-faceted is incorporated into the model in three important ways. In the pre-employment phase, the model now requires the employer to attain a level of understanding of the potential employee’s family and non-family roles that they need to enact for their self-validation, self-recognition and overall wellbeing. In the initial employment phase, it requires that employers consider the interaction between the most important non-work-roles (as identified by the employee) and the work-roles to be bestowed on them. iv. Conclusion Finally it can conclude that, this research suggest the employees perceived had a signi? cant impact on their working-life. ORT needs to incorporate for an effective HR policy framework. It also recommends that further investigation into ORT’s role in the workplace and further exploration. 5. Organization Theory and Methodology This is a summary of the article â€Å"Organization Theory and Methodology† by Michael C. Jensen in Harvard Business School. In this research the researcher find the relation between positive and normative theories, the importance to the research effort of the choice of tautologies and definitions, the nature of evidence, and the role of mathematics. The author mentions that, the major reason for the early successes of operations research and its later failure can be traced to the nature of the theories. In addition, According to Alchian (1950), organization need not assume that agents are engaged in purposeful activity for the models to work. Besides that, Hayek (1979) emphasizes most of the complex phenomena that make up human culture were never consciously invented by any individual and much of human culture is still not well understood. Furthermore, there is evidence in Chandler’s (1962), work that the organizational innovations that led to the large, integrated, multi-divisional firms in the early 1900’s were accompanied by substantial innovations in accounting practices. Moreover, the behavior of the organization is the equilibrium behavior which made up of maximizing agents with diverse and conflicting. The Construction of a theory of organizations involves creating a theory that describes the equilibrium behavior of these complex contractual systems where the individual agent is the elementary unit of analysis. On the other hand, the choice of tautologies or definitions has a large impact on the success or failure of research efforts. As a conclusion, the researcher says that the competition in research is an important element for innovation and makes progress at product markets. He also mention that, ideal process described about the important aspects of the environment, monitoring and bonding technology that derive a theory that is consistent with those contracts.