The Internet and its business capabilities Essay

The Internet and its business capacities - Essay Example As more people claimed their very own PCs, the interest for web get to expanded, which began with straightforward uses, for example, email, composing and putting away advanced data (Veeramani 2000). Similarly as with all innovation, web innovation started to create at a quick pace to suit worries over speed and wellbeing which brought about the improvement of internet browsers and the utilization of the web for web based business during the 1990s (Veeramani 2000). This flagged the start of another period for organizations as the new open doors introduced by the's web based business and e-business capacities guaranteed critical cost reserve funds, new conveyance channels and new markets. Web based business has empowered organizations to lead exchanges over the web as it empowers moment correspondence and connection, just as giving ongoing access to data, items and administrations (Veeramani 2000, Pratt 2002). This has implied that the thought and idea of opening times, area and client administrations have been changed. Web based business likewise gives financial advantages by decreasing the expense of looking and the expense of transmitting data which has prompted efficiencies in exchange costs and the solidification of gracefully and request (SBA 2004). Buyers would likewise be furnished with better data about value, quality and terms of exchange. Online business would likewise grow markets and rivalry which would prompt lower costs and expanded quality (SBA 2004). Because of the open doors introduced by online business and the innovation accessible around there, private ventures have rushed to gain by this and set up their web nearness. This was noteworthy for little and medium estimated organizations as they could rival the bigger association without putting resources into costly foundation like structure and expensive showcasing efforts. Little and medium measured organizations had the option to recognize advertise specialties and improve their client search process in light of this (Pratt 2002). Printing innovation is experiencing fast advances as photochemical procedures are being supplanted by computerized multiplication (Pratt 2002, SBA 2004), which is earth well disposed and more savvy over the long haul, as it will take out requirement for obtainment. Anyway this new innovation must be praised with staff prepared in data innovation as clients are currently after all out business arrangements which incorporate after consideration, picture the board and correspondence needs (Pratt 2002, SBA

Anti -semitism :: essays research papers

Stop and consider this for a second. Imagine a scenario where somebody was tormenting and. murdering other blameless people by the millions utilizing strategies for starving, shooting, gassing, consuming, and hanging. You may state, “Oh, that would never occur.'; Well it has. During World War II, a large number of blameless people were slaughtered, all on account of limited who had a fixation for power and matchless quality. This man I talk about is an enemy of Semitist, which means somebody who is partial against Jews or another race. This man alongside his numerous other devotees thought Jews were an outsider race. All through this paper you will discover out who this man is, the thing that he did, why he did it. Additionally, you will find out about what life resembled for the Jews during this time. In the wake of perusing this I trust that you will have a superior thought of what against Semitism is and how one man’s fixation went to a large number of lost lives. The man I referenced in the main section clearly had a name. His name was Adolf Hitler. Let me give you some foundation data on him. He was conceived on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria. His dad was a minor traditions authority and his mom was a laborer young lady. He never finished secondary school and was a poor understudy. He twice applied to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, however was not acknowledged for absence of ability. He read a lot of books which helped him build up an enemy of Jewish and hostile to vote based demeanor. Hitler battled in World War I for the Bavarian armed force. Albeit a valiant fighter he was never advanced above private top of the line since he was inadequate in administration characteristics. In September 1919 he joined the patriot German Workers’ Party. In April of 1920 he went to work all day for the recently renamed National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party. In 1921 he was chosen party administrator and given di ctorial powers. At this point he had created outrageous supremacist characteristics and an extraordinary loathe for Jews. In 1923 he attempted to hold onto Bavaria yet had no achievement. There was an expansion in the quantity of Nazi’s between the long periods of 1929 and 1930. Hitler was then delegated Chancellor of Germany. Hitler began a crusade to devastate world Jewry. He met with high positioning authorities and made the last answer for the Jewish issue, and in 1933 the first of numerous German death camps was manufactured.

Rachel Carson and the Enviromental Movement Research Paper

Rachel Carson and the Enviromental Movement - Research Paper Example She proceeded with her own examination and works about nature and environmental issues during her government administration and thusly distributed two books Under the Sea Wind (1941) and The Sea around Us (1951). Carson was met with two doctorate degrees; national book grant and a national science composing prize and extracts from her later book were reproduced in celebrated magazines like Science Digest, The Yale Review and The New Yorker. Later she left her government business and began to concentrate on third book The Edge of the Sea (1955). In mid 1957, a letter from an old companion from Duxbury, Massachusetts portrayed declining paces of winged creature populace in her private haven after the authorities’ splashed fuel oil and DDT. Quickly, Carson looked into DDT and different synthetics poisonous impacts and this turned into the premise of her next book Silent Spring (1962) (Mahoney, 2009). Quiet Spring was at first distributed in serialized magazine structure, later it was discharged as a book (Clapp, 2000). The book turned into a moment blockbuster and was broadly secured by media. In excess of 250,000 duplicates of her book were sold in the initial four months of its discharge making it a hit (Lantier, 2009). In those days, timberland and yield lands were broadly splashed with pesticides, for example, DDT to kill creepy crawly bugs. Notwithstanding, startling outcomes were seen because of showering against fire ants in South and mosquitoes along the beach front line from New York to Maine. The outcome was fruitful annihilation of creepy crawly vermin and sickness vectors yet at the expense of enormous harm to neighborhood fauna, natural life and condition. Researchers reported decrease in fish, winged animals and creature populace alongside water and soil pollution. Likewise, disturbing varieties in the conceptive examples and egg shells of different flying creatures that fundamentally benefited from fish were taken note. These progressions dem onstrated hormonal and regenerative changes as well as a lofty decrease in avian populace that could imperil the presence of specific species (Lear, 2001). In particular, three disconnected occasions were incredibly crucial in giving proof to Carson to the impeding impacts of pesticides, synthetic concoctions and harmful squanders on human wellbeing and condition. Initial one, included the USDA crusade to annihilate fire subterranean insect from Southern states by splashing with dieldrin and heptachlor. These two pesticides amassed in conduits and soil causing untamed life harm (Lear, 1993). As an outcome of fire subterranean insect control program substantial invertebrate everlasting status, populace decrease, slow recuperation rate and lingering hints of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide was seen in greater part of fauna in treated region (Dunlap, 2008). Carson (2002) named the fire insect annihilation program as â€Å"ill-imagined, seriously executed and completely negative exam ination in obliteration of creature life†. Besides, the ethereal showering of DDT blended in with fuel oil for mosquito control caused decrease in fledgling populace in waterfront zones (Lear, 1993). Thirdly, DDT was showered on elm trees in Michigan State University grounds expecting to wipe out bark creepy crawly that was answerable for spreading the Dutch elm sickness. Notwithstanding, alongside bother disposal huge populace of robin kicked the bucket because of benefiting from night crawlers; that benefited from DDT swarmed leaves (Lear, 1993). Other essential occasions that defended Carson’s claims was forbidding of cranberry item deal for a long time (1957-59) as elevated levels of harmful synthetics known to cause malignant growth in rodents was found

Managing people

Overseeing individuals AbstractThe history of overseeing individuals has reflected winning convictions and mentalities held in the public eye about representatives, the reaction of businesses to open strategy (for instance, wellbeing and security and work enactment) and responses to worker's organization development. In the beginning times of the Industrial Revolution, the exceptional codes of control and fines forced by production line proprietors were, to a limited extent, a reaction to the major issue of forcing measures of order and consistency on an undeveloped workforce. During the 1840s normal humankind and political weight started to join with illuminated personal circumstance among a couple of the bigger bosses to make them mindful of elective methods of dealing with their workforce, other than compulsion, sanctions, or money related prize. Scholars likewise recommend that the manners by which associations decide to deal with their representatives are in a condition of change. Work the executives rehearses have expected new conspicuousness during the 1990s as concerns persevered about worldwide rivalry, the internationalization of innovation and the efficiency of workers.English: Watt's steam motor at the anteroom of the H...It is contended that these market input push work associations to modify their arrangement of administrative control fortify viable use of human resources.The task comprise in reading the requirement for new way to deal with the administration of individuals so as to mirror the manner by which associations are advancing toward the beginning of the 21st century.To continue I will initially present the discussion concerning association advancement and the requirement for new ways to deal with oversee individuals. At that point I will do a survey of new techniques to overseeing individuals in the association setting, just as individuals the executives theory and practices which focus in transit in which association in general methodology of individuals add to the effectiveness.I will close with the debate between the Modernist and Post-Modernist standards as to the executives science and observational research. A...

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 24th, 2017

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 24th, 2017 In our most recent episode of Annotated, we investigate how independent bookstores have not only survived but thrived in the age of Amazon (and it is not just people people prefer print books!).   Annotated has over 100 five star reviews on Apple Podcasts, and we think if you like podcasts (especially those like This American Life or Invisibilia and that ilk) you are going to like Annotated. We keep the episodes to around 20 minutes: short and sweet. And bookish.   Todays Featured Deals The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: I Thought It Was Just Me (But It Isnt) by Brene Brown for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal: Surfacing by Margaret Atwood for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. Ancillary Justice  by Ann Leckie for $2.99. 10% Happier  by Dan Harris for $1.99. Kindred  by Octavia Butler for $1.99. The Fifth Season  by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99. How to Start a Fire  by Lisa Lutz for $2.99. The Passage  by Justin Cronin for $1.99. Night Film  by Marisha Pessl for $1.99. Shogun  by James Clavell for $1.99. The Notorious RGB  for $1.99. The Valley of Amazement  by Amy Tan for $1.99. The Girl with All the Gifts  by M.R. Carey for $1.99. Graceling  by Kristin Cashore for $1.99. The Rules of Civility  by Amor Towles for $3.99. Ayiti by Roxane Gay for $1.99 Dawn by Octavia E. Butler for $1.99. The Looking Glass War by John Le Carre for $1.99. The Complete Stories by Clarice Lispector for $1.99. Too Like the Lightning by Ada Palmer for $2.99. Mothers Sons by Colm Toibin for $1.99. The Birthday of the World and Other Stories by Ursula K. Le Guin for $1.99. Galileos Daughter by Dava Sobel for $1.99. Brown Girl, Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson for $1.99. An Edible History of Humanity by Tom Standage for $1.99. Tell the Wolves Im Home by Carol Rifka Brunt for $1.99. Zen in the Art of Writing by Ray Bradbury for $1.99. After Henry by Joan Didion for $1.13. The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller for $1.99. The Toughest Indian in the World by Sherman Alexie for $1.99. The Last Samurai  by Helen DeWitt for $1.99. The Last Policeman  by Ben H. Winters for $1.99. Notes of a Native Son  by James Baldwin for $1.99. Labyrinths  by Jose Luis Borges for $1.99. All the Birds in the Sky  by Charlie Jane Anders for $2.99. A Study in Scarlet Women  by Sherry Thomas for $1.99.. The Inexplicable Logic of My Life  by Benjamin Alire Sáenz for $2.99. We, The Drowned  by Carsten Jenson for $2.99 Big Fish  by Daniel Wallace for $1.99. The Terracotta Bride  by Zen Cho for $1.40. The Geek Feminist Revolution  by Kameron Hurley for $2.99. The Girl at Midnight  by Melissa Grey for $1.99. Cloudsplitter  by Russell Banks for $1.99. Queenpin  by Megan Abbott for $0.99. The Good Lord Bird  by James McBride for $4.99. The Comet Seekers by Helen Sedgwick for $2.99 Frog Music by Emma Donoghue for $1.99 Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $1.99 The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1  for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

International Relations Politics and Securit - 2475 Words

International Relations: Politics and Securit (Research Paper Sample) Content: REALISM, CONSTRUCTIVISM AND CRITICAL THEORY IN THE ASIA-PACIFICBy (Name)CourseTutorUniversityCity and StateDateRealism, Constructivism and Critical Theory in the Asia-PacificIntroductionThe Asia-Pacific region is undoubtedly an engine of global economic development and most countries in this section of Asia are becoming economic and political heavyweights. The famous Asian Tigers and some other ambitious nation are part of this economic and political block. Moreover, the US and Australia are important players in this region. Nonetheless, mistrust and lack of a united agenda has seen the region classified as one of the areas with endless security issues. States in Asia-Pacific are very anxious; they are not sure of their future security situation because some of them have embarked on projects aimed at fostering their power at the expense of others. In response to the increasing tempo of globalization, the notion of human security has become fundamental to internationa l relations. My take is that insecurity in Asia-Pacific requires a lot of positivism. Since, positivism studies the realities among societies, realism best explains the situation in this part of the world. Constructivism and the critical theory are very subjective. For instance, it is very difficult to understanding anarchy using constructivism while the critical theory is over-reliant on facts. The world cannot be studied through social sciences because facts cannot be neutral or value-free. Similarly, a researcher cannot claim to be overly objective or detached from the society he is studying because he is a constituent of it. Realism reiterates that all concepts have a historical and social connotation that incorporates certain values. If political power is exercised optimally, there will be no need for military force. However, the only way a nation can wield political powers over other states is by convincing them that it can willingly defeat them militarily. Therefore, most con flicts in Asia-Pacific are as a result of the guiding principles of the world we live in, either individually, domestically or internationally. We are not capable of changing some of the inherent principles on earth because they are a culmination of the desire of humans to dominate each other. Peace is a consequence of skillful implementation of political powers and not an attempt by humanity to change the rules of the real world. For instance, if a country or a region abolishes its desire for power, it would fall victim to the power of others. This paper will try to illustrate how realistsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ views are fuelling the insecurity in the Asia-Pacific region.Applicability of the International Relation Theories in the Asia ContextA Heated debates on whether theoretical perspectives can be used to study Asian international relations exists. Although an interest on international relations theory is growing on the continent theories are seen as being too abstract or detached from the daily undertakings of administration and the people. For that reason, many scholars believe that a theoretical review of Asiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s global relations does not deserve serious and sustained study. Similarly, international relations (IR) theories are also viewed as being too Western to be applied in the Asian context. Citing Hoffman (1998), Acharya (2007, p.1) reiterated "international relations theory, like the discipline itself, has been and remains an American social science." Nonetheless, international relations in the Asian region have inherited behavioral norms and attributes related to the West (Acharya 2007). Thus, the international relations theory is relevant to Asia like anywhere else (Ikenberry Mastanduno 2003). Likewise, realism, constructivism, and critical theory can explain the current security issues in the Asia-Pacific.Constructivistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s perspectives ensure that additional conceptual tools are included in the security debate through the theoryà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬s various insights on national identity, interest formation and human consciousness (Tsai 2009). Thus, a number of phenomena in the international sphere can be easily understood by applying constructivism to the models of human security. However, it is very difficult to find out the real meaning of anarchy through constructivism. As a result, a true picture of internal relations is lost. Critical thinking entails questioning mainstream knowledge. This school of thought emerged after a number of scholars, who were disillusioned with the politics of the Cold War, sought to challenge the dominant understanding of security. A typical example of this misleading discursive understanding, according to critical theorists, is that security is tantamount to sovereignty. Unlike other theories, the critical theory does not embody a coherent or unified notion of what security is but combines a number of studies. A distinction is made between facts and values. Facts are neutral and can be ascertained, but values are mainly beliefs entrenched in a given people for a long period. We deduce what is fiction or true by conducting an empirical analysis, this is what the critical theory encourages. However, we have to assume that the techniques for studying the various happenings in the real world are neutral; they are clear of politics. Critical theories connect subjects to objects. They argue that the social scientists (who is the subject), is embedded in a socio-political life. Accordingly, theories cannot be objective descriptions of a social life. The foundation of the critical theory is the improvement of the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s lives through alleviating and sometimes eradicating injustice. Thus, the theory does not only highlight a situation but acts a force to stimulate change. Nevertheless, facts are well understood by an excellent application of theory. This realization renders the critical theory weak in explaining the security situation in Asia-Pacific. We canno t happenings and confirmed truths for scientific data. Different states crave for different things and sometimes these desires conflict. To fulfill these desires, countries opt for power to out-muscle their opponents or competitors. The concern for power, especially looking for power to gain political advantage, forms the basis of realism in international relations (Trachtenberg 2003). In the world we live in, mistrust and power are very important in as far as realism is concerned. International relations depend on two major themes: peace initiatives and power politics which mainly culminate into security issues. In addition, the main impetus of insecurity and peace is the perpetual struggle for power amongst nations. Countries are in an endless struggle to gain political powers. In other words, they are looking for ways to control the actions and minds of others. Since power politics is at play in the Asia-Pacific, realism theory can best explain the current security issues amon g the various countries operating here.Realism and the current security issues in the Asia-Pacific RegionAccording to the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies (n.d.), the Asia-Pacific region hosts a number of powerful and ambitious countries. Specifically, Australia, China, the Us, Japan, South Korea and India have a stake in the geographical area. Very ambitious countries like North Korea and Taiwan also form part of the Asia-Pacific territory. Therefore, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s tricky to predict the security situation in this region. According to the realistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s notion, the international system is anarchy; no authority is superior to a state (Acharya, 2007). As such, states call the shots in international relations and are guided principally by a craving for power or national interests. Realists believe that states work towards relative gains rather than absolute gains. Put differently, how much a given state gains in relation to others is more crucial than the fact that very state may receive something. Sincerely speaking, war begins majorly as a argument over which nations gains more and which one receives a raw deal. Therefore, war is a failure to exercise political powers correctly. According to realism, since power is the genesis of all politics and competition in the world, the action of all countries are directed towards three goals. These goals include power maintenance, power acquisition and power demonstration (Trachtenberg 2003). Consequently, countries use different foreign policy tactics to achieve these goals.Power MaintenancePower maintenance refers to pursuance of the policy of status quo. In this regard, a state or states try to maintain the current distribution of power through agreements, deterrence and coercion (Trachtenberg 2003). The intractable problem that results from the stalemate between countries hell bent to maintain power is called the security dilemma. In this state of affairs, states are unlikely to concede their position regardless of the alternatives availed to them. Most state seek survival by implementing a status quo policy, which calls for sustenance of powe. According to Cronin (n.d.), the US places a high premium on supervision the security dilemma in the Asia-Pacific. Three years ago, the Obama administration ascertained that it will intensify and expand the US role in this region (Manyin 2012). Simultaneously, the government announced that the focal point for the US foreign policy, national security economic interest is shifting towards Asia. "Although Washington seems mired in political and budgetary stalemate at home, it almost certainly will seek to strengthen its existing alliances with countries like Australia, South Korea and Japan, as it attempts to reinforce an inclusive, rules-based regional architecture in the future" (Cronin n.d., pg.1). Thus, the need for multilateral cooperation has plunged the US into the affairs of the Asia-Pacific countrie...

The Idea Of Competition The Classical And Marxist Economics

This paper studies the idea of competition. What is competition? Do we need competition, why do we need it? The paper further elaborates competition in aspects of two school of thoughts, the Classical and Marxist economics. Competitions are ubiquitous. It may be in the form of us seeking a promotion at work, company competing for bigger market share. In fact, humans more often than not ,seek to achieve a superior position relative to others in a variety of contexts (Garcia, Tor and Schiff, 2013). Simply put, an undertaking with an aim of establishing gain by hindering the competitive edge of the rival party involved. In economic sense, in a marketplace, there are buyers and sellers for a product existing at variance, which would allow the price of products to change to counter the change in supply and demand. In todays times almost every product has a substitute alternative, hence, a buyer would have the convenience of switching to the cheaper alternative if price of a product becomes unaffordable for them. Hence, the buyers have relative influence on the price of the products. However in some industries there are only a few supplier of the products and services, due to the absence of substitutes, whic h reduces the bargaining power of the consumers on the price of goods, due to the producers having absolute power over the pricing of the goods. The Classical economic school of thought reflects on competition as instrument in forcing of market price to its natural levelShow MoreRelatedLiberal Pluralism Vs. Modern Society Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide content according to the demands of the consumer. This paradigm’s key conceptions include invisible hand competition (explain), rationality and positive assumptions about modernity and technology. 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Adam Smith and Karl Marx Contemporary economics are best explained by comparing two foundational thinkers that have contributed to the better understanding of liberalism, one being its proponent Adam Smith and the other being its most significant critic, Karl Marx. Both thinkers are profoundly important in locating and investigating the roots of neoliberalism as well as exploring alternatives ways to challenge neoliberal economics in the face of its post-cold war expansion as the inevitable andRead MoreEconomic Systems, Capitalism And Socialism1829 Words   |  8 PagesEconomic Systems People can use economic systems to build empires and destroy civilizations. The society s featured in the books 1984 by George Orwell and Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury did just that. Both took advantage of some form of an economic system to achieve their respective goals. Whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States, they both employed economics to their benefit. Economics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is

The Effects of Emotions on Memory and Forgetfulness Essay

The two main emotional factors that influence memory and forgetting are flashbulb and repression. A flashbulb memory is a memory that has a high emotional significance they are accurate and long lasting. It is almost a photographic memory of a particularly emotional event that is imprinted on your mind. For example an event such as September the 11th, people can remember things such as how they heard it happened, what clothes they were wearing and who they were with very clearly. This is because it was such a sudden emotional impact when they heard it that it got imprinted in their memory. Repression is an emotional factor in forgetting. It is that we forget because we have great anxiety about certain memories. This is because certain†¦show more content†¦Brown and Kulik discovered that these flash bulb memories were consistent over time. They did research on the death of Princess Diana and found that many people could remember a lot more than usual such as what time it was , who was with them etc. Such emotional events as September the 11th are very large scale and so many people will have flashbulb memories of the event making it easy to do a study and find proof of flashbulb memories. There is also evidence for forgetting as a result of repression. The main sort of evidence for repressed memories is a victim of crime. Many people who have been a victim of a crime can remember very little of it because emotion actually caused the memory to be repressed and forgotten. Freud helped to prove that people have repressed memories by using hypnosis that caused people to bring forgotten memories to light. 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For instance, affected adults may experience easy distractionRead MoreFactors That Play Important Roles in the Change of Testimony2053 Words   |  8 Pageswitness can lie in the witness stand; it can have negative effects on the judgments of the jury, on the dignity held by the trial, and legitimacy of the judicial systems in America. Pezdek (2007) have mentioned that there are many definitions for perjury but one of the most important statements in these cases is to make false statement on the witness stand with having an intention of lying. In any judicial system, lying is a crime, memory loss or not remembering a certain event is not consideredRead MoreThe Issue Of Memory Loss1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe Issue of Memory Loss in Relation to Healthy Aging The following paper is an academic discussion on the contemporary issue of memory loss in relation to healthy aging of older adults. Scholarly articles were used for references and facts relating to the topic. Memories constitute a vital part of life for everyone, and certain diseases that largely affect the older population can take those important moments away, leaving the elderly missing vital parts of their lives. The purpose of this paperRead MoreOne Hundred Years Of Solitude By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1266 Words   |  6 PagesSarah I. Motta Pro. Watson College English 101 hour 5 9-29-17 S.I.F.T.T. One Hundred Years Of Solitude The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude written by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, takes the reader through a story of a wide variety of emotions. Garcà ­a is widely recognized for his work of magical realism and vivid fantasy, taking the reader from happiness of life to the sadness and depression of death in the book, that are both necessary in order to convey his peculiar conception of the worldRead MoreEssay about Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease1053 Words   |  5 Pagesfunctions of the brain such as memory and thinking abilities. Alzheimer’s usually affects those who are 60 years and older but has been known to occur sooner, it is thought of as an elderly disease. Being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s is not the same as being diagnosed with cancer or other physically sickening diseases because it takes many years and several stages to reach its full intent. There are four stages of the Alzheimer’s disease ranging from simple forgetfulness in the beginning stages to being

Romeo and Juliet Impulsive Behavior - 758 Words

A simple flaw can be more fatal than death itself. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, this becomes apparent to the reader in many cases. Romeo is a very flawed character whose impulsive behavior led to the death of not only himself but also his beloved Juliet. Romeo quickly changing his undying love he felt with Rosaline to Juliet without any remorse, later when he kills Tybalt without thinking of the consequences, and again when he learns of Juliet’s death. Romeo’s hasty attitude plays a huge role in his life, and this shows just before Romeo is about to enter the Capulet uninvited without thinking much about it. At first, Romeo goes to the party to see his thought-to-be love Rosaline, but than quickly changes†¦show more content†¦Romeo’s impulsiveness does not only cause the love to Juliet, or the killing of Tybalt, but Romeos impulsive character causes possible the biggest mistake of his life. After killing Tybalt, Romeo is banished from Verona. He is told that he is lucky not to be killed for his actions. Romeo does not think that way at all, as Romeo stats he would rather be dead than have to live without his sweet Juliet. Friar Lawrence andShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet- Impulsive Decisions777 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet A simple decision can prove more fatal than death. In the play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, characters have evidently not solved their conflicts very wisely because their decisions are based on their impassivity. One of the main characters in particular, Romeo Montague, seems to rely on his impulsiveness to resolve his conflicts. Throughout the play, Romeo makes very hasty decisions, which result in unnecessary negative consequences. Three conflicts thatRead MoreImpulsive Decisions In Romeo And Juliet972 Words   |  4 Pagesconsequences before they make a risky or impulsive decision. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, he illustrates that adolescents show impulsivity, decision making, and risk taking. Firstly, in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, he illustrates that adolescents show impulsivity. In The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet , Juliet cries â€Å" Give me, give me ! O, tell me not of fear†(4.1.124). This illustrates that Juliet isn’t taking into consideration the risksRead MoreImpulse Control In Romeo And Juliet Analysis1655 Words   |  7 Pagesamount of tragedies in this play. In the play, Romeo and Juliet by William shakespeare; Romeo, Juliet and Mercutio are pivotal characters who choose to make decisions on impulses. Haste combined with the dearth of impulse management is the main reason of this play’s several tragic events. If a number of the characters gained the power to carry off their impulsive acts and ponder things through, there would be a better chance that the deaths of lover, Juliet and others may have been avoided. This essayRead MoreA Brief Analysis of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Essay645 Words   |  3 Pagesthat in Shakespeares play â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† , the characters were irrational and did not think of the consequences of their actions as most characters chose to think with their heart over their heart or passion versus reason. My first quote that I feel proves this is in Act V, Scene 1, Line 24 when Romeo says â€Å"Is it even so? Then I defy you stars!† Romeo says this after Balthasar (a servant) proclaims that Juliet has died (when in actuality she is in a deep sleep). Romeo says this to express thatRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Romeo And Juliet1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe play, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet†, describes two feuding families, by the names of Montague and Capulet. This play is also about two people that are so in love that they will do anything to be together. Both of these families have children of about the same age: Romeo and Juliet. Romeo is from the house of Montague, while Juliet is from the house of Capulet. The play explores th e many character traits of Romeo and Juliet, some good and some bad. Ultimately, Romeo and Juliets’ impatience and determinationRead Morehow does shakespeare show the consequences of impulsive behaviour through romeo?1467 Words   |  6 PagesJULIUS CAESAR, MACBETH AND ROMEO AND JULIET. ROMEO AND JULIET IS A PLAY BASED ON A LONG FEUD BETWEEN THE MONTAGUES AND THE CAPULETS 0.WHICH CAUSES CONFUSION IN VERONA AND TRAGIC OUTCOME FOR ROMEO AND JULIET. FROM DEATHS TO BANISHMENT ROMEO AND JULIET GO ON LOVING EACH OTHER UNTIL ETERNITY. ROMEO AND JULIET BEGINS AS A COMEDY BUT EVENTUALLY END AS A TRAGEDY. IN THIS ESSAY I WILL BE ANALYZING HOW SHAKESPEARE SHOWS THE CONSEQUENCES OF IMPULSIVE BEHAVIOR OF ROMEO. ALTHOUGH ROMEO IS RELUCTANT, BELIEVINGRead MoreUnconditional Love In Romeo And Juliet938 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare creates a story based on a pair of star-crossed lovers and how their irrational thinking and their unconditional love for one another results in their marriage after only one day of knowing each other, as well as a devastating tragedy at the end. Set in Verona, Italy, the rivalry of two families, the Capulets and the Montagues, causes tension between the families and the love between Romeo, who is a Montague, and his lover Juliet, who is a Capulet.Read MoreRomeo And Juliet Essay773 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares Romeo and Juliet (Pearson Education, Boston, Massachusetts, 2007) is considered to be one of the greatest love stories ever told, but is not relevant to me. Romeo and Juliet tells the story of two â€Å"star-crossed lovers† who come from rival families, and face hardships on their attempt to be to gether. Romeo and Juliet is not culturally relevant to me because the characters and their experiences are dissimilar to events I undergo in my life. Romeo and Juliet is the story of two teenagersRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Parental Control Essay1713 Words   |  7 PagesWhat would the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet be if Romeo and Juliet were only a few ages older and not teens? Well, there are a conglomerate of possibilities starting with their impulse control, if Romeo and Juliet met when they were, at the very least, twenty-five they may have not acted as impulsive as they did. Maybe Romeo wouldn’t have kissed Juliet during their first meeting and instead would have courted her. Or maybe if Romeo didn’t propose on their second meeting they could have had a longRead MoreRomeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare818 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the popularizing of tragedies, causing a tragic hero to be seen as a reputable character. In Shakespeare’s story â€Å"Romeo and Juliet,† two ill-fated lovers are caught between the bitter hatred of their two families. Knowing their parents would never approve, Romeo a nd Juliet struggle to keep their love a secret. Though the story ends in what most people would view as a tragedy, Romeo fails to meet the characteristics of a tragic hero established by Aristotle, who first created the literary term.

Understanding Vs. Knowing in Atwood’s Oryx and Crake Essay

It is often simpler to settle for an understanding of the world and people around us instead of trying to know the truth. Truth has consequences; by knowing too much, one can lose a friend, learn a deadly secret, or become someone they do not want to be. To express his understanding of himself and the world around him, Crake in Oryx and Crake uses quote-bearing fridge magnets. One very important quote is â€Å"We understand more than we know†. It is important to recognize the difference between the terms understand and know; the Oxford English Dictionary defines to understand as to perceive the significance, explanation, or cause of, whereas to know is to be absolutely certain or sure about something. There is certainly a difference,†¦show more content†¦However, there are many characteristics that remain uncontrolled in the Crakers, and these people eventually begin to create art and place both Oryx and Crake in God-like positions in their society: two things agains t which Crake had warned. Crake’s understanding of biology and psychology leads the Crakers to initially have none of humanity’s flaws. This shows Crake’s grand understanding of biology, but not any knowledge of how these people will soon acquire notions of art, gods, or symbolism. He has done few trials, and consequently has little evidence to prove that the Children of Crake will be successful. Furthermore, Crake is able to understand Jimmy’s incredible attraction to Oryx from the first time they glimpse her on the HottTotts website. He saves her image, possibly with the intentions of one day finding this girl to use against Jimmy. What Crake understands is Jimmy’s love for Oryx, but what he doesn’t know is that Jimmy will choose in the end to not let him and Oryx re-enter the Paradice Dome. Jimmy accepts that for complete renewal of the human race, not only Crake, but Oryx as well, must die, â€Å"for both have sinned against the potential goodness of humanity† and â€Å"she is a hinge in Crake’s attempt to re-enter Paradice† (DiMarco 191). Whereas Jimmy had been known to Crake to be one to be fearful and easily controlled, this time he takes a powerful stance against Crake’s plan and proves that Crake

The Return Midnight Chapter 32 Free Essays

â€Å"Damon doesn’t mean to be such a – a bastard,†Bonnie said explosively. â€Å"He’s just – so often he feels like it’s the three of us against him – and – and – â€Å" â€Å"Well, who started that? Even back riding the thurgs,†Stefan said. â€Å"I know, but there’s something else,†Bonnie said humbly. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Midnight Chapter 32 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Since it’s only snow and rock and ice – he’s – I don’t know. He’s al tight. Something’s wrong.† â€Å"He’s hungry,†Elena said, stricken by a sudden realization. Since the thurgs there had been nothing for the two vampires to hunt. They couldn’t exist, like foxes, on insects and mice. Of course Lady Ulma had provided plenty of Black Magic for them, the only thing that even resembled a substitute for blood. But their supply was dwindling, and of course, they had to think of the trip back, as well . Suddenly Elena knew what would do her good. â€Å"Stefan,†she murmured, pul ing him into a nook in the craggy stone of the cave entrance. She pushed off her hood and unrol ed her scarf enough to expose one side of her neck. â€Å"Don’t make me say ‘please’too many times,†she whispered to him. â€Å"I can’t wait that long.† Stefan looked into her eyes, saw that she was serious – and determined – and kissed one of her mittened hands. â€Å"It’s been long enough now, I think – no, I’m sure, or I would never even attempt this,†he whispered. Elena tipped her head back. Stefan stood between her and the wind and she was almost warm. She felt the little initial pain and then Stefan was drinking and their minds slid together like two raindrops on a glass window. He took very little blood. Just enough to make the difference in his eyes between Stillgreen pools and sparkling, effervescent streams. But then his gaze went Stillagain. â€Å"Damon†¦Ã¢â‚¬ he said, and paused awkwardly. What could Elena say? I just severed al ties with him? They were supposed to help one another along these trials; to show their wit and courage. If she refused, would she fail again? â€Å"Send him quick then,†she said. â€Å"Before I change my mind.† Five minutes later Elena was again tucked into the little nook, while Damon turned her head back and forth with dispassionate precision, then suddenly darted forward and sank his fangs into a prominent vein. Elena felt her eyes go wide. A bite that hurt this much – Well, she hadn’t experienced it since the days when she had been stupid and unprepared and had fought with al her strength to get free. As for Damon’s mind – there was a steel wal . Since she had to do this, she had been hoping to see the little boy who lived in Damon’s inmost soul, the one who was the unwil ing Watch-Keeper over al of his secrets, but she couldn’t even thaw the steel a little. After a minute or two, Stefan pul ed Damon off of her – not gently. Damon came away sul enly, wiping his mouth. â€Å"Are you okay?†Bonnie asked in a worried whisper, as Elena rummaged through Lady Ulma’s medicine box for a piece of gauze to staunch the unhealed wounds in her neck. â€Å"I’ve been better,†Elena said briefly, as she wrapped up her scarf again. Bonnie sighed. â€Å"Meredith is the one who real y belongs here,†she said. â€Å"Yes, but Meredith real y belongs in Fel ‘s Church, too. I only hope they can hold on long enough for us to come back.† â€Å"I only hope that we can come back with something that wil help them,†Bonnie whispered. Meredith and Matt spent the time from 2:00 A.M. to dawn pouring infinitesimal drops from Misao’s star bal onto the streets of the town, and asking the Power to – somehow – help them in the fight against Shinichi. This brisk movement from place to place had also netted a surprising bonus: kids. Not crazy kids. Normal ones, terrified of their brothers and sisters or of their parents, not daring to go home because of the awful things they had seen there. Meredith and Matt had crammed them into Matt’s mother’s second-hand SUV and brought them to Matt’s house. In the end, they had more than thirty kids, from ages five to sixteen, al too frightened to play, or talk, or even to ask for anything. But they’d eaten everything Mrs. Flowers could find that wasn’t spoiled in Matt’s refrigerator and pantry, and from the pantries of the deserted houses on either side of the Honeycutts’. Matt, watching a ten-year-old girl cramming plain white bread into her mouth with wolfish hunger, tears running down her grimy face as she chewed and swal owed, said quietly to Meredith, â€Å"Think we’ve got any ringers in here?† â€Å"I’d bet my life on it,†she replied just as quietly. â€Å"But what are we going to do? Cole doesn’t know anything helpful. We’l just have to pray that the un-possessed kids wil be able to help us when Shinichi’s ringers attack.† â€Å"I think the best option when confronted by possessed kids who may have weapons is to run.† Meredith nodded absently, but Matt noticed she took the stave everywhere with her now. â€Å"I’ve devised a little test for them. I’m going to smack every one with a Post-It, and see what happens. Kids who’ve done things they regret may get hysterical, kids who’re already just terrified may get some comfort, and the ringers wil either attack or run.† â€Å"This I have to see.† Meredith’s test lured out only two ringers in the whole mob, a thirteen-year-old boy and a fifteen-year-old girl. Each of them screamed and darted through the house, shrieking wildly. Matt couldn’t stop them. When it was al over and the older kids were comforting the younger ones, Matt and Meredith finished boarding up the windows and pasting amulets between the boards. They spent the evening scouting for food, questioning the kids about Shinichi and the Last Midnight, and helping Mrs. Flowers treat injuries. They tried to keep one person on guard at alltimes, but since they had been up and moving since 1:30 A.M., they were al very tired. At a quarter to eleven Meredith came to Matt, who was cleaning the scratches of a yel ow-haired eight-year-old. â€Å"Okay,†she said quietly, â€Å"I’m going to take my car and get the new amulets Mrs. Saitou said she’d have done by now. Do you mind if I take Saber?† Matt shook his head. â€Å"No, I’l do it. I know the Saitous better, anyway.† Meredith gave what, in a less refined person, might have been cal ed a snort. â€Å"I know them well enough to say, excuse me, Inari-Obaasan; excuse me, Orime-san; we’re the troublemakers who keep asking for huge amounts of anti-evil amulets, but you don’t mind that, do you?† Matt smiled faintly, let the eight-year-old go, and said, â€Å"Well, they might mind it less if you got their names straight. ‘Obaasan’means ‘grandma,’right?† â€Å"Yes, of course.† â€Å"And ‘san’is just a thingy you put at the end of a name to be polite.† Meredith nodded, adding, â€Å"And ‘a thingy at the end’is cal ed an ‘honorific suffix.'† â€Å"Yeah, yeah, but for al your big words you’ve got their names wrong. It’s Orime-grandma and Orime-Isobel’s-mother. So Orime-Obaasan and Orime-san, too.† Meredith sighed. â€Å"Look, Matt, Bonnie and I met them first. Grandma introduced herself as Inari. Now I know she’s a little wacky, but she would certainly know her own name, right?† â€Å"And she introduced herself to me and said not just that she was named Orime, but that her daughter was named after her. Talk your way out of that one.† â€Å"Matt, shal I get my notebook? It’s in the boardinghouse den – â€Å" Matt gave a short sharp laugh – almost a sob. He looked to make sure Mrs. Flowers wasn’t around and then hissed, â€Å"It’s somewhere down at the center of the earth, maybe. There is no den anymore.† For a moment Meredith looked simply shocked, but then she frowned. Matt glared darkly. It didn’t help to think that they were the two most unlikely of their group to quarrel. Here they were, and Matt could practical y see the sparks flying. â€Å"All right,†Meredith said final y, â€Å"I’l just go over there and ask for Orime-Obaasan, and then tel them it was al your fault when they laugh.† Matt shook his head. â€Å"Nobody’s going to laugh, because you’re going to get it right that way.† â€Å"Look, Matt,†Meredith said, â€Å"I’ve been reading so much on the Internet that I even know the name Inari. I’ve come across it somewhere. And I’m sure I would have made†¦made the connection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Her voice trailed off. When Matt turned his eyes down from the ceiling, he started. Meredith’s face was white and she was breathing quickly. â€Å"Inari†¦Ã¢â‚¬ she whispered. â€Å"I do know that name, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Suddenly she grabbed Matt’s wrist so hard that it hurt. â€Å"Matt, is your computer absolutely dead?† â€Å"It went when the electricity went. By now even the generator is gone.† â€Å"But you have a mobile that connects to the Internet, right?† The urgency in her voice made Matt, in turn, take her seriously. â€Å"Sure,†he said. â€Å"But the battery’s been kaput for at least a day. Without electricity I can’t recharge it. And my mom took hers. She can’t live without it. Stefan and Elena must’ve left their stuff at the boardinghouse – â€Å"He shook his head at Meredith’s hopeful expression and whispered, â€Å"Or, should I say, where the boardinghouse used to be.† â€Å"But we have to find a mobile or computer that works! We have to! I need it to work for just a minute!†Meredith said frantical y, breaking away from him and beginning to pace as if trying to beat some world record. Matt was staring at her in bewilderment. â€Å"But why?† â€Å"Because we have to. I need it, even just for a minute!† Matt could only gaze at her, perplexed. Final y he said, â€Å"I guess we can ask the kids.† â€Å"The kids! One of them has got to have a live mobile! Come on, Matt, we have to talk to them right now.†She stopped and said, rather huskily, â€Å"I pray that you’re right and I’m wrong.† â€Å"Huh?†Matt had no idea what was going on. â€Å"I said I pray that I’m wrong! You pray, too, Matt – please!† How to cite The Return: Midnight Chapter 32, Essay examples

Underground Railroad Essay Research Paper Underground Railroad free essay sample

Underground Railroad Essay, Research Paper Underground Railroad I know you? re wondering, what railway? Well the simple fact is that everybody has heard of the Underground Railroad, but non everyone knows merely what it was. First, it wasn? T resistance, and it wasn? t even a railway. The term # 8220 ; Underground Railroad # 8221 ; really comes from a runaway slave, who while being chased swam across a brook and was out of the proprietor? s sight. The proprietor said # 8220 ; # 8230 ; must hold gone off on an belowground railroad. # 8221 ; That adult male was Tice Davids, a Kentucky slave who decided to populate in freedom in 1831. The primary importance of the Underground Railroad was the on traveling battle to get rid of bondage, the start of the civil war, and it was being one of our state? s foremost major anti-slavery motions. The history of the railway is rather varied harmonizing to whom you are speaking. Bondage in America thrived and continued to turn because there was a scarceness of labour. Cultivation of harvests on plantations could be supervised while slaves used simple modus operandis to reap them, the low monetary value at which slaves could be bought, and gaining net incomes as a fillip for non holding to pay hired work. Slaves turned to freedom for more than one ground. Some were obsessed with being free and populating a life where they were non told how to populate. Others ran due to fear of being separted or sold from friends and household. Then there were some who were treated so cruely, that it forced them to run merely to remain alive. Since coming to America as slaves even back as far back as when the first settlements began, slaves wanted to get away. They wanted to acquire off from the state of affairs they were forced into. Those who were free were the # 8220 ; whites # 8221 ; who were slightly separated in values. The North, was a more industrialised country where occupations were filled by freshly imported immigrants, doing them less dependent on slave labour. The South, nevertheless had rich fertile land largely used for farming. Huge plantations were cleared and needed to be worked. The people of the country tended to be more genteal, and seemed non rather adjusted to difficult work, but more of giving orders. The thought of stating people how to make their work merely seemed to suit all excessively good into this scenario. The railway didn? Ts have a certain location. Slaves had been running since the 1500? s on their ain. When the thought caught on amoung brave slaves, was when it started. Slave proprietors in the South surely weren? t happy about the loss of # 8220 ; belongings # 8221 ; . It seemed like excessively much money was being lost.This caused the South to go through the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. This coroneted slaves as belongings of their proprietors and gave permission to the proprietors to recover blowouts any where in the provinces, even those provinces that were free. The North was angry about the intervention of the slaves and was non happy about proprietors being allowed to come into their provinces to take the slaves back. Finally, the North decided to make something about it. To return the fire thrown at them by the South, they would take away something that the North idea was morally incorrect, and the South? s wealths. They would assist the slaves escape to freedom. The slave s were now angry, frightened, and confused. Hearing of this Underground Railroad, they easy began to run, more and more. By 1807 a jurisprudence was passed to do it illegal to import any longer slaves. Agricultural betterments came along, and with the limited figure of slaves left in the provinces, the value of the slaves went up really rapidly. Abolition Societies began to organize, and along with spiritual groups became active in helpin gslaves to freedom. The # 8220 ; Railroad # 8221 ; beggan to take form. A form that is to this twenty-four hours really hard to depict. Traks were laid to aide the slaves to freedom. Peoples talked in secretiveness to do safe waies for the slaves to run on. These were the paths. Letterss were sent that had nomenclature or codification for the balcks. A batch of the footings come from things found along railwaies. This is because existent railwaies at this clip were the newest thing and happened to be the subject of pick for conversation. This made it all the easier for the assistants of the railway to pass on traveling unoticed.Along the T racks, there were terminals, safe houses to remain. These were houses of free Whites or inkinesss where they could conceal when they weren? T running. The people who owned the houses were frequently called music directors. The music directors frequently left a figure of marks for the slaves to follow so they didn? T go to houses that belonged to Alliess of the slave proprietors. A comforter on the apparels line picturing a house with fume coming out of the chimney was a mark of a safe station. A white ring of bricks around the the top of a house? s chimney was another mark of a good concealment topographic point. Shoppes that were safe frequently had a silohette of a fleeing adult male or adult female on in mark. Other siggns were used to steer the slaves. There were knocks that slaves used when nearing a house, carnal calls, and visible radiations hung in Windowss. When a slave was traveling to the following house along the railway, this was called â€Å"catching the following trai n.† There were besides songgs that ave waies to slaves that were taught to everyone so that they might memorise the manner. One such, was â€Å"Follow the Drinking Gourd† The imbibing calabash was the slaves? nomenclature for the large dipper. The Big Dipper? s â€Å"handle† points to the north star, which they could utilize to happen their manner north. The vocal gave landmarks along the manner to follow and a poetry from it says † the dead trees will demo you the way.† This was put in the vocal for a ground. The author of this vocal, refered to as Peg-leg Joe, drew a image of a nog legg on the dead trees along the path with wood coal. The undermentioned poetry is â€Å"Left pes, peg pes going on, † consequently. The paths for the railway weren? T precisely laid. A slave had many possible waies to run in, but the chief thought here was safty over adeptness. The slaves frequently zigzaged in their waies to avoid being caught. There were differe nt signifiers of flying every bit good as different waies. Slaves could go by H2O on boats. Often in one of the many clever camouflages fabricated by the people of the North willing to impart a manus. Work force were dressed as adult females, adult females were dressed as work forces, break ones back? s apparels were exchanged for those of a rich free individual of colour? s to confound the true individuality of the slave when seen by funny eyes. There were besides some slaves that traveled the route, by pes, in a caridge, or in a waggon frequently incorporating a bogus underside doing a bantam infinite where slaves could safely travel to freedom.Some traveled on â€Å"surface linesthe existent railwaies of this clip. Lightly colored slaves were dressed as Whites, and others were put in with the baggage and frieght. And yet make bolding others traveled as luggage. Such a individual was Henry â€Å"Box† Brown who recieved his moniker by doing the long trip in a box marked â⠂¬Å"this side up, † and â€Å"fragile.† There are, nevertheless, studies from Henry, after he â€Å"reached the terminal of the line† , where he testified being turned upside down and was thrown about, which makes us all wonder what goes on with our mail service. In the terminal, slaves had to happen a manner to intermix with the people of the North so that they might populate their lives free. Some of the at large fugitves met up with previuosly escaped friends and household and formed communities. Others found a oasis in the Native Americans with whom they intermarried and reproduced. The civil war began and others found shelter with the Union Army. The slaves shortly found out that freedom did non intend freedom from work, but they were happier because they now made their ain determinations. Some died from exposure, after non happening shelter from the North? s frozen winter. Most slaves were non allowed to larn to read and stay nonreader. Their non being able to read or understand the fact that they had money of their ain frequently lead barbarous salesmen and employers to take advantage of the inkinesss. Those who learned to make specific occupations in the South frequently took up similar occupations in the North. The demand for the rai lway easy began to diminish as the battle for abolition grew stronger. It was no longer nesscary for the raliroad to be, since about all the slaves who were traveling to run already had. The concluding gesture that brought the railraod to it? s concluding halt was the sign language of the Emancipation Proclamation by Lincoln, stoping all bondage in our now free state, everlastingly.

The Strength of Mary Rowlandson Essay Example For Students

The Strength of Mary Rowlandson Essay Lit 2311 October 2004The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, is a personal account, written by Mary Rowlandson in 1682, of what her life in captivity was like. Native Americans, in February of 1676, in Massachusetts captured her and held her captive for almost three months while they traveled to safety. Her story of survival is documented and her spirituality keeps her alive. The reoccurring idea of the word remove relates to her bond with God, early and late in her captivity. Throughout the narrative the word remove is used frequently to describe many actions the Rowlandson must induce. Every time Rowlandson and the Indians move to a new destination from their original place, she titles it a remove. I shall particularly speak of the severall Removes we had up and down the Wilderness (127 Rowlandson). There are twenty removes in her narrative, which literally means that her and the Indians traveled to twenty different places. The irony of the word remove is that she is actually moving closer to home and freedom instead of being removed from it. She has also actually been removed from what she use to be, fitting into another world with a different culture. Rowlandson felt that her capture was meant to be and she was fortunate enough to survive. But now I see the Lord had his time to scourge and chasten me (149). She has to remove her self from the ideas and values she use to believe in, sometimes. She had to learn to accept the Native Americans way or suffe r. She also has to get over the things that were a great value to her, such as her dead daughter and other deceased relatives. I went to take up my dead child in my arms to carry it with me, but the bid me to let it be alone: there was no resisting, but goe I must and leave it (130). But, Rowlandson removed herself from such desperate feelings through the words of god. Another meaning of the word remove can be though the move of Rowlandsons spiritual life towards God. Her ability to cite scripture was benefited by the bible the Natives gave her. She is shot in the side during the first attack, the same bullet eventually killed her daughter Sarah, and she has no medication to help the pain and infection. Another man, who was captured by another tribe, tells her that the oaken leaves will help her injury like they helped his. My wounds stink and are corrupt, I am troubled, I am bowed down greatly, I am mourning all day long Psal.38, 6. (129). All day, she relates the scripture to something occurring in her captivity. While she is captured she is uncertain of the destiny of her additional children and remaining family members. Every night she prays to god asking the fate of her dear family:Quickly the Lord answered, in some measure, my poor prayers: for as I was going up and down mourning and lamenting my condition, my Son came to me, and asked how I did; with tears in his eyes, he asked if his Sister Sarah was dead; and told me he had seen his Sister Mary; and prayed me, that I would not be troubled in reference to himself (130-131). Mary Rowlandson never lost hope and continued to try to return to her family. Additionally, in each remove Rowlandson faith perseveres due to her powerful Christian ways. She felt that God provides her with more than others, especially the Indians. The Indians were as thick as the trees: it seemed as if there had been a thousand hatchets going at once:I myself in the midst, and no Christian soul near me, and how hath the Lord preserved me in safety (132). Rowlandson never stopped believing that god would reunite her with her remaining family members. Her refusal to give up allowed her to save her own life. Mary Rowlandson learns something new in each remove by gathering proof that supports gods words. Therefore, each remove could mean her own self moving one step closer to god, and being removed fr om her original state of innocence and not truly understanding the scripture. For whom the Lord chasteneth and scourgeth every Son whom he receiveth Heb.12. 6. (149). All this can come down to the theory that the last and only way Rowlandson could have the will to go on and survive was through repression of her feelings using the words of god as an excuse. In conclusion, Mary Rowlandsons, A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson shows the emotional story of survival. The use of the word remove can assist is telling her story and created a unique approach to her writing. Rowlandsons strong dedication to god helps her deal with the ideals and identities that had changed from before the captivity. Her ability and understanding of the scripture allowed her to stay strong during her captivity. The legend of Mary Rowlandsons captivity describes the story of a determined, spiritual mother who is determined to see her family again and be free from the Native Amer icans.

A Brief Review of Ap Literature Essay

A Brief Review of Ap Literature EssayWhen you are done reading an Ap Literature Essay, you may be wondering what it means. The entire essay will be in the form of a short story or even a play. What the Ap Literature Essay is mostly about being how individuals take a literary style and turn it into something that is more modern. I have read other Ap Literature Essay that is far less detailed, but at least it was different from other writings.One of the most unique elements of the Ap Literature Essay is the concept of the book cover. Many writers feel the need to do a cover, but you don't always have to make a fashion statement. You can just make a strong statement about the topic. This is not necessarily the best way to use a literature essay, but you will get a lot of readers who will appreciate that. If you can afford to produce an expensive look for your book, why not?In addition to this, the better writers create a series of words and sentences that will help connect the reader wi th the story. To illustrate, when you hear of a young man who has a beautiful but shady career, the best writers will tell the story from his perspective.The Ap Literature Essay can also be used in short stories. Do you love to write short stories? These can be rehashed by creating a dialogue that includes all the characters, as well as the narrator. The important thing is to make your audience like the protagonist and dislike the antagonist.In fiction writing, some writers become obsessed with including every detail, even if they aren't actually required in the story. They forget that in order to really sell a story, you must have a solid and concise plot. It is easy to lose sight of that point, so make sure that you keep to your theme, while showing your characters in a way that makes them come alive.Finally, I can't tell you enough about the importance of utilizing Ap Literature Essay samples in your own work. You might find yourself wishing that you had an Ap Literature Essay th at can be your own.There are so many writers out there who are just being bored by their day job and do not enjoy writing as much as they used to. The Ap Literature Essay can help you break free from your comfort zone and give you a brand new sense of purpose.

100 Beautiful and Ugly Words

100 Beautiful and Ugly Words 100 Beautiful and Ugly Words 100 Beautiful and Ugly Words By Mark Nichol One of the many fascinating features of our language is how often words with pleasant associations are also quite pleasing on the tongue and even to the eye, and how many words, by contrast, acoustically and visually corroborate their disagreeable nature look no further than the heading for this post. Enrich the poetry of your prose by applying words that provide precise connotation while also evoking emotional responses. (Note the proportion of beautiful words to ugly ones in the compilation below; it’s easier to conjure the former than the latter, though I omitted words associated with bodily functions, as well as onomatopoeic terms.) Notice how often attractive words present themselves to define other beautiful ones, and note also how many of them are interrelated, and what kind of sensations, impressions, and emotions they have in common. Also, try enunciating beautiful words as if they were ugly, or vice versa. Are their sounds suggestive of their quality, or does their meaning wholly determine their effect on us? Beautiful Words Amorphous: indefinite, shapeless Beguile: deceive Caprice: impulse Cascade: steep waterfall Cashmere: fine, delicate wool Chrysalis: protective covering Cinnamon: an aromatic spice; its soft brown color Coalesce: unite, or fuse Crepuscular: dim, or twilit Crystalline: clear, or sparkling Desultory: half-hearted, meandering Diaphanous: gauzy Dulcet: sweet Ebullient: enthusiastic Effervescent: bubbly Elision: omission Enchanted: charmed Encompass: surround Enrapture: delighted Ephemeral: fleeting Epiphany: revelation Epitome: embodiment of the ideal Ethereal: celestial, unworldly, immaterial Etiquette: proper conduct Evanescent: fleeting Evocative: suggestive Exuberant: abundant, unrestrained, outsize Felicity: happiness, pleasantness Filament: thread, strand Halcyon: care-free Idyllic: contentedly pleasing Incorporeal: without form Incandescent: glowing, radiant, brilliant, zealous Ineffable: indescribable, unspeakable Inexorable: relentless Insouciance: nonchalance Iridescent: luster Languid: slow, listless Lassitude: fatigue Lilt: cheerful or buoyant song or movement Lithe: flexible, graceful Lullaby: soothing song Luminescence: dim chemical or organic light Mellifluous: smooth, sweet Mist: cloudy moisture, or similar literal or virtual obstacle Murmur: soothing sound Myriad: great number Nebulous: indistinct Opulent: ostentatious Penumbra: shade, shroud, fringe Plethora: abundance Quiescent: peaceful Quintessential: most purely representative or typical Radiant: glowing Redolent: aromatic, evocative Resonant: echoing, evocative Resplendent: shining Rhapsodic: intensely emotional Sapphire: rich, deep bluish purple Scintilla: trace Serendipitous: chance Serene: peaceful Somnolent: drowsy, sleep inducing Sonorous: loud, impressive, imposing Spherical: ball-like, globular Sublime: exalted, transcendent Succulent: juicy, tasty, rich Suffuse: flushed, full Susurration: whispering Symphony: harmonious assemblage Talisman: charm, magical device Tessellated: checkered in pattern Tranquility: peacefulness Vestige: trace Zenith: highest point Ugly Words Cacophony: confused noise Cataclysm: flood, catastrophe, upheaval Chafe: irritate, abrade Coarse: common, crude, rough, harsh Cynical: distrustful, self-interested Decrepit: worn-out, run-down Disgust: aversion, distaste Grimace: expression of disgust or pain Grotesque: distorted, bizarre Harangue: rant Hirsute: hairy Hoarse: harsh, grating Leech: parasite, Maladroit: clumsy Mediocre: ordinary, of low quality Obstreperous: noisy, unruly Rancid: offensive, smelly Repugnant: distasteful Repulsive: disgusting Shriek: sharp, screeching sound Shrill: high-pitched sound Shun: avoid, ostracize Slaughter: butcher, carnage Unctuous: smug, ingratiating Visceral: crude, anatomically graphic What did I miss? Add to these lists in a comment below. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?Best Websites to Learn EnglishInspiring vs. Inspirational

Guide to Al Qaedas Network Structure

Guide to Al Qaeda's Network Structure Also see: Al Qaeda leaders The Al Qaeda Network Some organizations may have operational ties to Osama bin Ladens core group. Increasingly, however, groups pledging allegiance to Al Qaeda have no formal association whatever. While many analysts use the metaphor of marketing to describe Al Qaeda as a brand, and its offshoots as franchises, others describe the decentralization phenomenon in terms of a core group of professionals, surrounded by new membership in grassroots affiliates. This decentralization is a consequence of strategy, not accident, according to analyst Adam Elkus. In 2007, he wrote that: Al Qaeda has been moving towards decentralization ever since the invasion of Afghanistan, with isolated cells and loosely affiliated groups that have only a tenuous connection to the greater Al Qaeda hierarchy tapping into Some of these knock-off groups spring from pre-existing militant groups committed to some version of Islamist transformation of their society. In Algeria, for example, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb is a new incarnation of another group, the Salafist Group for Call and Combat, which has had a long, and violent, commitment to overthrowing the Algerian government. The groups sudden commitment to Al Qaeda- style global jihad should be taken with a grain of salt or, at the least, examined in light of its local history. Al Qaeda- core organization: The original group headed by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al ZawahiriAl Qaeda in Iraq: An organization founded after the U.S. invasion of Iraq, AQI has morphed several times since.The Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Tanzim Al-Jihad): Egyptian Islamic Jihad was founded in the 1970s, and well known for its assassination of Egyptian President Sadat in 1981. It is a good example of an organization that has historically had a far greater interest in violent transformation of the Egyptian government than it has in a global jihad.Ansar Al Islam: This Iraqi Kurdish organization was founded in 2001, and operates in the northern areas of Iraq and Iran. Its membership includes a number of members who trained or fought in Afghanistan, with bin Laden, and it is presumed to have close operational ties with Al Qaeda in the region.Al Jemaah Al Islamiyya: Al Jemaah Al Islamiyyah (The Islamic Group) is a southeast Asian group dedicated to bringing Islamist rule to the area. The Unite d States suspects it of ties to Al Qaeda, but these seem tenuous on a large scale. Lashkar-i-Tayyiba: This Kashmir-based Sunni Pakistani group has historically directed its attacks at India. Leaders and members have demonstrated ties to some Al Qaeda members.Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb: This Algerian group grew out of one dedicated to the overthrow of the Algerian government. Its name change was accompanied by a pledge to put Western targets in its sights.Abu Sayyaf: This Philippine group has been called an Al Qaeda affiliate, but there is little evidence of a meaningful operational tie. Indeed, the organization is more like a criminal network than one committed to an ideological goal.

Parental Drug Use as Child Abuse Research Paper

Parental Drug Use as Child Abuse - Research Paper Example At that time there was no agency to look into the welfare cause of abused children, therefore, the advocates for American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) took the case by arguing that laws securing animals from abuse should not be relatively effective than laws safeguarding children. In this particular case of Mary Ellen Wilson, the foster mother was sentenced to one year imprisonment. This sentence created awareness in the society leading to the formation of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1874. In 1974, the federal law was enacted to help the cause of child abuse through government funding (Find Law.com, 2012). The legislative record of the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), the leading Federal legislation for child abuse and neglect started in P.L. 93-247; the   Act was further amended very recently and reauthorized on December 20, 2010, by the CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-320). All function s related to child abuse are covered under CAPTA by arranging funds for the state agencies and welfare organizations (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2011). It could be pertaining to any one of the issues faced by the government, for example, in the case of abuse of drugs by the parents or caretakers having negative repercussions on the overall growth of children. Considering the loss of health and well being of children, about 47 states, the districts of Columbia, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are governed by the law under the child protection statutes but policy since May 2009 does not cover states such as American Samoa, Connecticut, New Jersey, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and Vermont for exposure to illegal drug activity (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2009). It has implicit meaning for the NASW, as federal funding for drug abuse would not be forthcoming for these specified states, not covered by the state law.   

Water Provision Methods (Saudi Arabia) Research Paper

Water Provision Methods (Saudi Arabia) - Research Paper Example Water plays a crucial role in the quality of life of the inhabitants, but it is also an important requirement for economic prosperity, for example in a growing industry and in the agricultural sector. Together, both variables will cause a further increase in water demand in Saudi Arabia, which cannot be covered completely through ground water resources as well as the inexistent river systems or lakes (Al-Zahrani & Baig, 2011.p.604). Given the pressing industrial and domestic requirements Saudi Arabia must come up with a reliable and sustainable means of supplying water to its growing population. One of the notable undertakings is the Kingdom’s efforts to sea water desalination. Desalination plants are installed at the coast and water is carried by huge pipeline systems to the major consumption centers in the up-country (Jeffreys, 2011.p.299). The country cannot rely on surface water due to low precipitation and high evaporation rates, this makes surface water scarce. The other option is ground water which comes from the water table statistics indicate that the country draws 45% of its water supply from the water table. This makes Saudi Arabia number one in the world in terms of groundwater withdrawals. Much of this is taken from fossil aquifers, which are not replenished by rainfall or underground water flows (Jeffreys, 2011.p.299). ... There are few chances of expanding production and in real terms, in arid environments the recharge is not significant (Jeffreys, 2011.p.299). Although the cost of well head water is low, the main costs lie in the transfer costs, as in pipelines and pumping stations (Al-Zahrani & Baig, 2011.p.605). The principal aquifers are known, as are some of the areal changes, which affect the porosity, permeability, and transmissivity of the aquifer. Few areas remain which could significantly supplement the aquifer supply (Alsharhan, 2001.p. 138). Water importing might be a sound alternative but is laden with numerous uncertainties and the flow and supply is not solely dependent on Saudi’s decisions and factors. Desalination Desalination of sea water and brackish groundwater is the main alternative adopted in the Kingdom and one that is likely to serve the Kingdom well into the future. At the moment, there are about 32 plants in the Kingdom and plans remain underway to construct additiona l plants to supplement the growing demand of clean water. At the moment, the Kingdom is constructing a megaproject, Ras Al-Khair, which will be the largest desalination plant in the world and is expected to produce 1,037,000m3 of water daily (Al-Zahrani & Baig, 2011.p.604). The biggest challenge in the desalination process is the constant input of energy which the Kingdom has in abundance, but something the Saudi government is also increasingly conscious of using wisely. Desalination already accounts for more than half of the kingdom’s domestic oil consumption, and the demand for water and electricity co-production is growing by 8 percent every year (Ibp USA, International Business Publications, USA 2009.p.126). This is a challenge as oil will always be a precious commodity, and

Nipah Virus and the Potential for Bioterrorism

Nipah Virus and the Potential for Bioterrorism Nipah Virus and the Potential for Bioterrorism Introduction Bioterrorism is considered to be one of the most talked about issues with regard to national security since the inception of the new millennium. On September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorism struck the United States with the crashing and attempted crashing of airplanes into significant economic and political buildings. This act of terror was a significant beginning to fears of what was next from terrorist groups. Even though this was not the first, and definitely not the last, terrorist threat or attempt it was definitely the most profound and unquestionably caused fear, panic and social disruption much less economic issues globally. Within days of the 9/11 attacks the awareness of American vulnerability became more evident with the media publicity of the Anthrax scares. This brought about international concerns with bioterrorism as envelopes that were filled with anthrax spores were sent to political and media sources throughout the United States and twenty-two people were infected and five deaths occurred (Ryan Glarum, 2008). Nipah is just one of many viruses that are available to terrorist groups for development as a bioweapon. In 1999 this virus was first found and noted to be very easily disseminated to humans through inhalation and ingestion. Even though there are many potential pathogens available, the Nipah virus has proven itself to be one of the most dangerous and advantageous . As the Nipah virus progressed there was fear noted by workers, families and healthcare providers in southern Asia. With a mortality rate of 40% to 100% (Lam, 2002; World Health Organization [WHO], 2009) in infected areas, and an economic impact that cost several millions to Malaysias economy, this virus has potential for significant bioterrorism. Natural History The Nipah Virus (NiV), family paramyxoviridae, was first recognized in Malaysia, South Asia in late 1998 into Spring 1999. This disease was recognized when an outbreak of sickness and death occurred among pig farmers, it infected 265 people, with 105 deaths, a mortality rate of approximately 40% (Lam, 2002). This virus was new to the scientific community and first thought to be Japanese Encephalitis (JE) which had occurred in approximately the same location years earlier. JE was also noted to infect people that were around domesticated pigs, just like the currently identified Nipah Virus (Center for Disease Control [CDC], 2001). The Nipah virus was found to also have similar symptoms as those of the Hendra Virus which caused respiratory disease and encephalitis in Australia in 1994 (Fraser, 2009). The Nipah virus is considered by the CDC as a newly emerging pathogen that could be engineered for mass dissemination (Ryan Glarum, 2008; Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Since the onset of the Nipah virus in 1999, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), there have been twelve significant outbreaks since the initial, with 202 persons infected and a loss of life of 146 individuals, mortality of over 72%. Two of these outbreaks, one in India in 2007 and one in Bangladesh in 2008 had mortality rates of 100%, showing the devastating effects of this virus (WHO, 2009). The initial investigation of the Nipah virus found that abattoir workers who dealt with pigs daily and those that were exposed through farming and transporting pigs were getting ill. As the investigation continued it found that the pigs were infecting the workers (zoonotic disease). After discovery, subsequently over 1.1 million pigs were disposed of to quell the transmission of the virus. This destruction of pigs was significantly devastating to the economy of Malaysia noting an estimated loss of $217 million dollars (Ryan Glarum, 2008, p. 104). Virus Transference The Nipah virus host was found to be pteropid bats (flying foxes), located in Australia and the southern areas of Asia. During expansion of farms toward the rainforests and the destruction of the rainforest for manufacturing and industry, many animals including bats had to relocate to survive. Many pig farmers in Malaysia also had large fruit orchards situated next to the pig enclosures, as growth of pig farming continued and the loss of habitat for bats persisted to change bats started to forage the nearby orchards for food. As this progression continued there was an increased chance of disease contamination to domestic animals from wildlife, and as such a significant increase in contact between pigs and bats. Therefore, greater opportunity for transmission of the Nipah virus (â€Å"Dr. Jonathan Epstein Returnsâ€Å", 2005). As the Nipah virus was investigated it was believed to have been transmitted to pigs from bats through the saliva, urine and feces of the bats which feed and nest in local orchards (â€Å"Dr. Jonathan Epstein Returnsâ€Å", 2005), near pig pens. This potential transmission probably occurred when bat secretions fell into the pig pens and were ingested by these domesticated animals. The initial human virus outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore was believed to have been from direct contact with sick pigs or their meat products, and possibly could have come from the consumption of contaminated fruit or juices from the orchards. As the virus progressed and research was done there was an established link noting person-to-person contamination through close contact (World Health Organization [WHO], 2009) Physiology of Exposure The Nipah virus seems to have many different clinical manifestations in individual animals and humans. There is a broad range of clinic signs that can point to virus infection that cause researchers and healthcare providers to not recognize patterns of initial infection, therefore not recognizing potential disease outbreaks. According to the WHO (2009), the incubation period (interval from infection to onset of symptoms) varies from four to 45 days. This significant range makes it incredibly hard to follow the virus between initial exposure and medical treatment. Recognizing that the person is showing signs of a virus, and narrowing down the specific virus, then treating it appropriately for an individual is a challenge but feasible. But with such a wide incubation period there is a possibility that viable information could be lost or not noticed. The physiological symptoms of this virus in humans is characterized by non-specific signs and symptoms to include severe headache, fever, vomiting, myalgia (muscular pain) disorientation, respiratory diseases, neurological deficits and encephalitis and in many cases may cause coma or death (Center for Infectious Disease Research Policy [CIDRAP], 2009). In pigs there is characterization of signs and symptoms depending on the age of the animal. The basic signs noted are fever, shortness of breath, muscle twitching, trembling, rear leg weakness, severe coughing, open-mouth breathing, abnormal posturing and convulsions (CIDRAP, 2009). After initial exposure and treatment follow-up research was done and in this study it was noted that there were relapses in clinic symptoms to include encephalitis up to twenty-two months later, without re-exposure. The research and that an estimated 160 patients who recovered from acute encephalitis and 89 patients who experienced asymptomatic infection received follow-up care for ‘late-onset encephalitis (neurological manifestations occurring for the first time at ten or more weeks after initial infection) or ‘relapsed encephalitis (neurological manifestations after recovery from acute encephalitis) (Halpin Mungall, 2007, p. 290). Host Sources The Nipah Virus source comes from Pteropus fruit bats (AKA: Flying Foxes), which are found in Southern Asia and Australia. In 1997 fruit bats were noted to begin foraging on flowers and nectar in trees located near orchards contiguous to infected areas (Cobey, 2005). Fruit bats were found to be the natural source of this virus and caused the transfer of the virus to pigs and human beings. As domesticated pigs were sold for breeding and transferred to other farms the virus was quickly disseminated further throughout southern Asia (Cobey, 2005). Possible Use in Biowarfare Biowarfare, and in this day and age bioterrorism, is a threat that began before the birth of Christ. According to Dr. Michael D. Phillips, M.D. one of the first recorded incidents [of bioterrorism]was in Mesopotamia. The Assyrians employed rye ergot, an element of the fungus Claviceps purpurea, which contains mycotoxins. Rye ergot was used by Assyria to poison the wells of their enemies, with limited success (Phillips, 2005, p. 32). Use of pathogens to induce sickness, death or terror has continued until present time. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has listed the Nipah virus as a critical biological agent, Category C. Category C agents are emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future because of: * Availability * Ease of production and dissemination * Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.,  ¶ 3; (Ryan Glarum, 2008, p. 105)) With this categorization the virus is a living pathogen that can be developed as a bioweapon with the right knowledge, and equipment. For the virus to be weaponized it needs to be purified, stabilized and properly sized. Since this is a living virus the bioterrorist agent can be replicated once disseminated (Ryan Glarum, 2008). At this time, there is no information about how this virus could be manufactured to become a bioterrorist agent, but with the right knowledge the potential is there. Production Methods Since the Nipah virus has proven to be disseminated through secretions from bats and pigs, and shown to cause severe infection and death it can potentially be used as a bioterrorist agent with little changes in its basic state. If the excretions from infected bats in palm juice can cause infection and death then there is ease in distribution with a significant amount of virus. Even with these basic distribution methods there is information about the Nipah virus and its compounds being published. As knowledge continues be found about the virus and information availability of the compounds there is potential for virus manipulation for maximum threat to animals and humans to induce fear and panic. Information such as this is noted in an article by Medical News Today, (2005). This article states that UCLA scientists have revealed how the Nipah virus infiltrates human cells. The article further states the virus exploits a protein that is essential to embryonic development to enter cells and attack. The virus must infect a cell by binding to a viral-specific receptor and once that is done penetrates the cell. The article actually gives the receptor name as Ephrin-B2, and is found to be the key to unlocking these dangerous cells. If this information is so easily accessible and is available it allows terrorists groups with the knowledge and expertise to manipulate the virus for dissemination and extreme virulence. The Nipah virus is still a relatively new virus and steps are slowly being made in understanding this infant virus. As of this time there is very little knowledge about how effective this virus would be or what would be needed to make it infective. With bioterrorist there is always a concern with the storage and stability of the virus for development and weaponization. As developments are made and intelligence is gathered with regard to potential agents there will be a concern with any viral pathogen. Transmissibility Animal-to-human Animal (pig) to human transmissibility was the first noted issue with regard to the detection of the Nipah virus in 1999. As stated earlier the virus spread rapidly and was found to have started with pig farmers and abattoir workers that worked closely and handled these animals. As the virus progressed and workers died it was found that pigs in these farms had been coughing loudly (bark type of cough), and nerve damage was becoming prevalent. In a short amount of time approximately five percent of these animals died and the illness was spreading significantly (Pearl, 2006). Also transmissibility has been noted from non-specific animal contact put through the ingestion of date palm juice taken from the trees that bats nest and feed. As the fruit tree workers and farmers gather the palm juice through clay pots bats drink from the pots and transfer saliva to the nectar (Pearl, 2006). Person-to-person Many of the articles written on the Nipah virus states that there is no evidence that there is transmissibility of the virus from person-to-person. In contrast, according to a research investigation done during a Bangladeshi outbreak in 2004, there is definitive evidence that the Nipah virus can be transmitted from person-to-person (Gurley et al., July 2007). According to the research, subsequent investigations in India and Bangladesh have suggested that Nipah virus may have been transmitted from person-to-person. During an outbreak in 2001in India, 75% of the patients, including fourteen healthcare workers, had a history of hospital exposure to patients infected with Nipah virus (Gurley et al., July 2007), with no other exposure risks noted. The exposure, and subsequent virus, occurred with persons who lived with or cared for the patients, and persons who were in close contact for a significant amount of time. According to a research article published by the CDC, the Nipah virus can be transmitted from person-to-person. The article states, in a densely populated area a lethal virus could rapidly spread before effective interventions are implemented. This spread would provide the seed for a substantial regional or global public health problem (Gurley et al., 2007, p. 1036). According to Gurley et al., 2007 there is significant evidence that person-to-person contact will cause infection. The person-to-person transmissibility factors include having (1) touched or received a cough or sneeze in the face, (2) any contact with someone who later died, was febrile, unconscious, or had respiratory difficulty, and (3) visited the home, and possibly, the village an infected person. The most significant evidence of person-to-person infections was with a religious leader where twenty-two persons who had became infected after close contact. The religious leader was moved to his home and eight members of his household became infected. Two brothers who lived a significant distance away were infected after only a six hour visitation, son-in-law and daughter who lived only about one hour away and eleven other followers of the leader contracted the disease after contact (Gurley et al., 2007) with no noted other infection means. Surface-to-person To this date there is no evidence of any transfer of the virus to persons from surface contact, in fact how long the virus remains infectious on environmental surfaces is not known. In an article written by (Gurley et al., 2007) collection of 468 environmental specimens were gathered through swabbing of potential surfaces that included walls, bed frames, mattresses, floors and utensils in hospital rooms and residences of infected individuals. Also collected were swabs from trees, fruits, excrement and other surfaces around possible bat foraging sites. With all of this gathered specimens the only information obtained was that the infected individuals shed the virus into the environment, showing potential for transmission, but no evidence was found that surfaces caused any positive infection to another person. Potential for contagion and considerations relative to Biodefense The Nipah virus has the potential to be a very detrimental bioweapon of choice for domestic or international terrorists. With the virus being zoonotic (disease which can be transmitted to humans from animals, [â€Å"Zoonosisâ€Å", 2009]), which effects animals and humans, and the ease of transmission from the saliva and urine of fruit bats to these two groups the potential for a Potential for contagion and considerations relative to biodefense According to Kortepeter and Parker (Kortepeter Parker, 1999), for a biological agent to be used for a greatest plausible occurrence, an agent must have specific properties: * the agent should be highly lethal and easily produced in large quantities * Given that the aerosol route is the most likely for a large-scale attack, stability in aerosol and capability to be dispersed (17,000 to 5,000 nanometers (nm) particle size) are necessary * being communicable from person-to-person, and * having no treatment or vaccine In using the above criteria the Nipah virus would make a credible biological threat for a domestic or international terrorist group. Host bats being plentiful in Australia and southern Asia would make it easy to obtain the saliva, feces or urine of these hosts for initial development of the virus. The Nipah virus being 150 to 200 nm in diameter and 10,000 to 10,040 nm long (CIDRAP, 2009,  ¶ 3), it could be used in an aerosol form for dispersement. According to Gurley et al., there is significant evidence that there is person-to-person communicability and according to the WHO, there are currently no drugs or vaccines available to treat Nipah virus infection. Intensive supportive care with treatment of symptoms is the main approach to managing the infection in people (2009,  ¶8 ). Conclusion The Nipah virus should be a concern for any government as a potential for a bioterrorist attack. As with the 9/11 and the anthrax attacks in 2001 there could be significant fear, panic, economic issues and social disruption if this virus was used. With a mortality rate of 40% to 100% (Lam, 2002; WHO, 2009), and an incubation period of up to 45 days (WHO, 2009), this could definitely be a pathogen of choice for terrorists. The ease of access to the virus itself from fruit bats, to pigs and to humans, not to mention the transmissibility ease through inhalation and ingestion, makes this the perfect biological weapon. The disease this virus manifests, from flu type symptoms to severe encephalitis, will cause significant fear to the public and will stress healthcare facilities if a large outbreak occurs. This virus also has no known cure as of this date, even though there are developments in that direction. The Nipah virus needs to continue to be monitored and treatment options along with vaccine development needs to be continuous until this threat is diminished. References Biological Warfare. (2009). In Wikipedia. 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